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LilyPond — Frammenti
Questo documento contiene una selezione di frammenti LilyPond tratti dal LilyPond Snippet Repository (LSR). I frammenti sono nel pubblico dominio. Desideriamo ringraziare Sebastiano Vigna per la gestione del sito web e del database dell’LSR, e l’università di Milano per l’hosting. Questo documento non è un sottoinsieme esatto dell’LSR: alcuni frammenti
vengono dalla directory ‘input/new’ dei sorgenti di LilyPond; i
frammenti tratti dall’LSR vengono convertiti con I frammenti sono raggruppati per categorie; le categorie elencate nell’indice corrispondono a una sezione del manuale di notazione di LilyPond. Un frammento potrebbe avere più di una categoria, e non tutte le categorie dell’LSR saranno presenti in questo documento. Nella versione HTML di questo manuale, si può fare clic sul nome del file o sull’immagine di ciascun esempio per vedere il corrispondente file di input. |
Notazione musicale | ||
---|---|---|
Pitches | Altezze | |
Rhythms | Ritmi | |
Expressive marks | Segni di espressione | |
Repeats | Ripetizioni | |
Simultaneous notes | Note simultanee | |
Staff notation | Notazione del rigo | |
Editorial annotations | Note editoriali | |
Text | Testo | |
Notazione specialistica | ||
Vocal music | Musica vocale | |
Chords | Accordi | |
Keyboards | Tastiere | |
Percussion | Percussioni | |
Fretted strings | Strumenti a corde con tasti | |
Unfretted strings | Strumenti a corde senza tasti | |
Winds | Strumenti aerofoni | |
Ancient notation | Notazione antica | |
World music | ||
Altre raccolte | ||
Contexts and engravers | Contesti e incisori | |
Tweaks and overrides | Modifiche e sovrascritture | |
Paper and layout | Foglio e formattazione | |
Titles | Titoli | |
Spacing | Spaziatura | |
MIDI | ||
Templates | Modelli |
Questo manuale è disponibile in altri formati ed è integrato col resto della documentazione. Maggiori informazioni in Manuali. La documentazione completa si trova all’indirizzo https://lilypond.org/. |
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Pitches
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Un ambitus per voce
L’ambitus può essere specificato per voce. In tal caso occorre spostarlo manualmente per evitare collisioni.
\new Staff << \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c'' { \override Ambitus.X-offset = #2.0 \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
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Aggiungere un segno di ottava a una sola voce
Se il rigo ha più di una voce, l’ottavazione in una voce trasporrà
la posizione delle note in tutte le voci per la durata della parentesi
dell’ottava. Se si intende applicare l’ottavazione a una sola voce,
occorre spostare l’incisore Ottava_spanner_engraver
nel
contesto Voice
.
\layout { \context { \Staff \remove Ottava_spanner_engraver } \context { \Voice \consists Ottava_spanner_engraver } } { \clef bass << { <g d'>1~ q2 <c' e'> } \\ { r2. \ottava -1 <b,,, b,,>4 ~ | q2 \ottava 0 <c e>2 } >> }
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Teste di nota Aiken variante sottile
Le teste di nota Aiken bianche sono più difficili da leggere a dimensioni del rigo più piccole, specialmente coi tagli addizionali. Perdendo lo spazio bianco interno le fa apparire come note di un quarto.
\score { { \aikenHeads c''2 a' c' a % Switch to thin-variant noteheads \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(doThin reThin miThin faThin sol laThin tiThin) c'' a' c' a } }
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Altering the length of beamed stems
Stem lengths on beamed notes can be varied by overriding the
beamed-lengths
property of the details
of the
Stem
. If a single value is used as an argument, the length
applies to all stems. When multiple arguments are used, the first
applies to eighth notes, the second to sixteenth notes and so on. The
final argument also applies to all notes shorter than the note length
of the final argument. Non-integer arguments may also be used.
\relative c'' { \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(2) a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8 10 12) a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] r8 \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8) a8[ a] \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8.5) a8[ a] \revert Stem.details.beamed-lengths a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] r16 }
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Ambitus
Ambitus indicate pitch ranges for voices.
Accidentals only show up if they are not part of the key
signature. AmbitusNoteHead
grobs also have ledger lines.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } } << \new Staff { \relative c' { \time 2/4 c4 f' } } \new Staff { \relative c' { \time 2/4 \key d \major cis4 as' } } >>
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Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave
Per impostazione predefinita, gli ambitus sono posizionati a sinistra della chiave. La
funzione \ambitusAfter
permette di cambiare questo posizionamento.
La sintassi è \ambitusAfter grob-interface
(vedi
Graphical Object Interfaces per un elenco dei possibili valori per
grob-interface
.)
Un caso d’uso comune è il posizionamento dell’ambitus tra l’armatura di chiave e l’indicazione di tempo.
\new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver } \relative { \ambitusAfter key-signature \key d \major es'8 g bes cis d2 }
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Ambitus su più voci
Se si aggiunge l’incisore Ambitus_engraver
al contesto Staff
viene
creato un solo ambitus per il rigo, anche nel caso di righi che hanno più
voci.
\new Staff \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } << \new Voice \relative c'' { \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
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Applicazione degli stili delle teste di nota in base al grado della scala
La proprietà shapeNoteStyles
può essere usata per definire vari
stili di teste di nota per ogni grado della scala (definita dall’armatura
di chiave o dalla proprietà tonic
). Questa proprietà richiede un
insieme di simboli, che può essere puramente arbitrario (sono permesse
espressioni geometriche come triangle
, cross
e xcircle
)
o basato sull’antica tradizione tipografica americana (sono consentiti
anche alcuni nomi di nota latini).
Detto questo, per imitare gli antichi canzionieri americani, ci sono vari
stili predefiniti disponibili attraverso dei comodi comandi come
\aikenHeads
o \sacredHarpHeads
.
Questo esempio mostra modi diversi di ottenere teste di nota di varie forme e illustra la possibilità di trasporre una melodia senza perdere la corrispondenza tra le funzioni armoniche e gli stili delle teste.
fragment = { \key c \major c2 d e2 f g2 a b2 c } \new Staff { \transpose c d \relative c' { \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(do re mi fa #f la ti) \fragment } \break \relative c' { \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(cross triangle fa #f mensural xcircle diamond) \fragment } }
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Cambiare automaticamente la direzione del gambo della nota centrale in base alla melodia
LilyPond può modificare la direzione del gambo della nota centrale di un
rigo in modo che segua la melodia: occorre aggiungere l’incisore
Melody_engraver
al contesto Voice
.
La proprietà di contesto suspendMelodyDecisions
può essere usata
per disattivare questo comportamento localmente.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 a8 b g f b g | \set suspendMelodyDecisions = ##t a b g f b g | \unset suspendMelodyDecisions c b d c b c | } \layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Melody_engraver" \autoBeamOff } }
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Changing ottava text
Internally, \ottava
sets the properties ottavation
(for
example, to 8va
or 8vb
) and middleCPosition
. To
override the text of the bracket, set ottavation
after invoking
\ottava
.
Short text is especially useful when a brief ottava is used.
{ c'2 \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"8" c''2 \ottava #0 c'1 \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"Text" c''1 }
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Modifica dell’intervallo dell’ambitus
È possibile cambiare le impostazioni predefinite dell’intervallo tra le teste di nota dell’ambitus e la linea che le collega.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } } \new Staff { \time 2/4 % Default setting c'4 g'' } \new Staff { \time 2/4 \override AmbitusLine.gap = #0 c'4 g'' } \new Staff { \time 2/4 \override AmbitusLine.gap = #1 c'4 g'' } \new Staff { \time 2/4 \override AmbitusLine.gap = #1.5 c'4 g'' }
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Changing the interval of lines on the stave
staffLineLayoutFunction
is used to change the position of notes.
This snippet shows setting its value to ly:pitch-semitones
in
order to produce a chromatic scale with the distance between each space
and line of the stave equal to one semitone.
scale = \relative c' { a4 ais b c cis4 d dis e f4 fis g gis a1 } \new Staff \with { \remove "Accidental_engraver" staffLineLayoutFunction = #ly:pitch-semitones } { << \scale \context NoteNames { \set printOctaveNames = ##f \scale } >> }
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Clefs can be transposed by arbitrary amounts
Clefs can be transposed by arbitrary amounts, not just by octaves.
\relative c' { \clef treble c4 c c c \clef "treble_8" c4 c c c \clef "treble_5" c4 c c c \clef "treble^3" c4 c c c }
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Coloring notes depending on their pitch
It is possible to color note heads depending on their pitch and/or their names: the function used in this example even makes it possible to distinguish enharmonics.
%Association list of pitches to colors. #(define color-mapping (list (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 0 NATURAL) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 0 SHARP) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 1 FLAT) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 2 NATURAL) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 2 SHARP) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 FLAT) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 NATURAL) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 4 SHARP) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 NATURAL) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 FLAT) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 6 SHARP) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 1 NATURAL) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 SHARP) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 4 FLAT) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 SHARP) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 6 FLAT) (x11-color 'blue)))) %Compare pitch and alteration (not octave). #(define (pitch-equals? p1 p2) (and (= (ly:pitch-alteration p1) (ly:pitch-alteration p2)) (= (ly:pitch-notename p1) (ly:pitch-notename p2)))) #(define (pitch-to-color pitch) (let ((color (assoc pitch color-mapping pitch-equals?))) (if color (cdr color)))) #(define (color-notehead grob) (pitch-to-color (ly:event-property (event-cause grob) 'pitch))) \score { \new Staff \relative c' { \override NoteHead.color = #color-notehead c8 b d dis ees f g aes } }
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Creating a sequence of notes on various pitches
In music that contains many occurrences of the same sequence of notes at different pitches, the following music function may prove useful. It takes a note, of which only the pitch is used.
This example creates the rhythm used throughout Mars, from Gustav Holst’s The Planets.
rhythm = #(define-music-function (p) (ly:pitch?) "Make the rhythm in Mars (the Planets) at the given pitch" #{ \tuplet 3/2 { $p 8 8 8 } 4 4 8 8 4 #}) \new Staff { \time 5/4 \rhythm c' \rhythm c'' \rhythm g }
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Creating custom key signatures
LilyPond supports custom key signatures. In this example, print for D minor with an extended range of printed flats.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #8 \override KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) \override KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) % presumably sharps are also printed in both octaves \override KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override KeyCancellation.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override Clef.stencil = # (lambda (grob)(grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\combine \musicglyph "clefs.C" \translate #'(-3 . -2) \musicglyph "clefs.F" #})) clefPosition = #3 middleCPosition = #3 middleCClefPosition = #3 } { \key d\minor f bes, f bes, }
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Direction of merged ’fa’ shape note heads
Using property NoteCollision.fa-merge-direction
, the
direction of ‘fa’ shape note heads (‘fa’, ‘faThin’, etc.)
can be controlled independently of the stem direction if two
voices with the same pitch and different stem directions are
merged. If this property is not set, the ‘down’ glyph variant
is used.
{ \clef bass << { \aikenHeads f2 \override Staff.NoteCollision.fa-merge-direction = #UP f2 } \\ { \aikenHeads f2 f2 } >> }
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Force a cancellation natural before accidentals
The following example shows how to force a natural sign before an accidental.
\relative c' { \key es \major bes c des \tweak Accidental.restore-first ##t eis }
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Forcing a clef symbol to be displayed
When a clef sign has already been displayed and it has not been changed
to a different clef, then repeating the \clef
command will be
ignored by LilyPond, since it is not a change of clef. It is possible
to force the clef to be redisplayed using the command
\set Staff.forceClef = ##t
.
\relative c' { \clef treble c1 \clef treble c1 \set Staff.forceClef = ##t c1 \clef treble c1 }
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Generating random notes
This Scheme-based snippet generates 24 random notes (or as many as required), based on the current time (or any randomish number specified instead, in order to obtain the same random notes each time): i.e., to get different random note patterns, just change this number.
\score { { $(let ((random-state (seed->random-state (current-time)))) (make-sequential-music (map (lambda (x) (let ((idx (random 12 random-state))) (make-event-chord (list (make-music 'NoteEvent 'duration (ly:make-duration 2 0 1/1) 'pitch (ly:make-pitch (quotient idx 7) (remainder idx 7) 0)))))) (make-list 24)))) } }
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Nascondere le alterazioni delle note con legatura di valore
all’inizio di un nuovo sistema
Questo frammento mostra come nascondere le alterazioni delle note unite alla figura precedente mediante una legatura di valore all’inizio di un nuovo sistema
\relative c'' { \override Accidental.hide-tied-accidental-after-break = ##t cis1~ cis~ \break cis }
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Keep change clefs full sized
When a clef is changed, the clef sign displayed is smaller than the
initial clef. This can be overridden with full-size-change
.
\relative c' { \clef "treble" c1 \clef "bass" c1 \clef "treble" c1 \override Staff.Clef.full-size-change = ##t \clef "bass" c1 \clef "treble" c1 \revert Staff.Clef.full-size-change \clef "bass" c1 \clef "treble" c1 }
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Esempio di makam
Makam è un tipo di melodia proveniente dalla Turchia che usa alterazioni microtonali di 1/9. Consultare il file di inizializzazione ‘ly/makam.ly’ per vedere come sono definiti i nomi delle altezze e le alterazioni.
% Initialize makam settings \include "makam.ly" \relative c' { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,(- KOMA)) (3 . ,BAKIYE)) c4 cc db fk gbm4 gfc gfb efk fk4 db cc c }
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Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava
È possibile cambiare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.OttavaBracket.stencil = #ly:line-spanner::print \override Staff.OttavaBracket.bound-details = #`((left . ((Y . 0) (attach-dir . ,LEFT) (padding . 0) (stencil-align-dir-y . ,CENTER))) (right . ((Y . 5.0) ; Change the number here (padding . 0) (attach-dir . ,RIGHT) (text . ,(make-draw-dashed-line-markup (cons 0 -1.2)))))) \override Staff.OttavaBracket.left-bound-info = #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-left-bound-info-and-text \override Staff.OttavaBracket.right-bound-info = #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-right-bound-info \ottava #1 c1 c'''1 }
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Armature di chiave non tradizionali
Il comando \key
comunemente usato imposta la proprietà
keyAlterations
del contesto Staff
.
Per creare armature di chiave non standard, tale proprietà va
impostata esplicitamente.
Il formato di questo comando è una lista:
\set Staff.keyAlterations = #`(((ottava . grado) . alterazione) ((ottava
. grado) . alterazione) ...)
dove, per ogni elemento della lista, ottava
indica l’ottava (0 è
l’ottava dal Do centrale al Si precedente), grado
indica la nota
all’interno dell’ottava (0 significa Do e 6 significa Si) e alterazione
può essere ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP
etc.
Altrimenti, usando il formato breve per ogni elemento della lista,
(grado . alterazione)
, ciò indica che la stessa alterazione deve
essere presente in tutte le ottave. Per le scale microtonalidove un
“diesis” non è 100 centesimi, alterazione
si riferisce alla
proporzione di un duecentesimo di tono intero.
\include "arabic.ly" \relative do' { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((0 . ,SEMI-FLAT) (1 . ,SEMI-FLAT) (2 . ,FLAT) (5 . ,FLAT) (6 . ,SEMI-FLAT)) %\set Staff.extraNatural = ##f re reb \dwn reb resd dod dob dosd \dwn dob | dobsb dodsd do do | }
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Numeri dentro le teste di nota
Le teste di nota con nome della nota usano la proprietà note-names
dell’oggetto NoteHead
per determinare cosa appaia
all’interno della testa. È possibile sovrascrivere questa proprietà
e mostrare numeri corrispondenti ai gradi della scala.
Si può creare un semplice incisore che faccia questo per ogni oggetto testa di nota che incontra.
#(define Ez_numbers_engraver (make-engraver (acknowledgers ((note-head-interface engraver grob source-engraver) (let* ((context (ly:translator-context engraver)) (tonic-pitch (ly:context-property context 'tonic)) (tonic-name (ly:pitch-notename tonic-pitch)) (grob-pitch (ly:event-property (event-cause grob) 'pitch)) (grob-name (ly:pitch-notename grob-pitch)) (delta (modulo (- grob-name tonic-name) 7)) (note-names (make-vector 7 (number->string (1+ delta))))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'note-names note-names)))))) #(set-global-staff-size 26) \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Voice \consists \Ez_numbers_engraver } } \relative c' { \easyHeadsOn c4 d e f g4 a b c \break \key a \major a,4 b cis d e4 fis gis a \break \key d \dorian d,4 e f g a4 b c d }
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Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
Questo modello mostra come usare i contesti annidati StaffGroup
e
GrandStaff
per creare sottogruppi degli strumenti dello stesso
tipo. Mostra anche come usare \transpose
in modo che le variabili
mantengano la musica per gli strumenti traspositori nell’intonazione reale.
#(set-global-staff-size 17) \paper { indent = 3.0\cm % add space for instrumentName short-indent = 1.5\cm % add less space for shortInstrumentName } fluteMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } % Pitches as written on a manuscript for Clarinet in A % are transposed to concert pitch. clarinetMusic = \transpose c' a \relative c'' { \key bes \major bes1 d } trumpetMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } % Key signature is often omitted for horns hornMusic = \transpose c' f \relative c { d'1 fis } percussionMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g1 b } sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { \key g \major g'1 b } sopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { Lyr -- ics } altoIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoILyrics = \sopranoLyrics altoIILyrics = \lyricmode { Ah -- ah } tenorMusic = \relative c' { \clef "treble_8" \key g \major g1 b } tenorLyrics = \sopranoLyrics pianoRHMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } pianoLHMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } violinIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violinIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violaMusic = \relative c { \clef alto \key g \major g'1 b } celloMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } bassMusic = \relative c { \clef "bass_8" \key g \major g,1 b } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_woodwinds" << \new Staff = "Staff_flute" \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteMusic \new Staff = "Staff_clarinet" \with { instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "Clarinet in B" \flat } } } % Declare that written Middle C in the music % to follow sounds a concert B flat, for % output using sounded pitches such as MIDI. %\transposition bes % Print music for a B-flat clarinet \transpose bes c' \clarinetMusic >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_brass" << \new Staff = "Staff_hornI" \with { instrumentName = "Horn in F" } % \transposition f \transpose f c' \hornMusic \new Staff = "Staff_trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet in C" } \trumpetMusic >> \new RhythmicStaff = "RhythmicStaff_percussion" \with { instrumentName = "Percussion" } << \percussionMusic >> \new PianoStaff \with { instrumentName = "Piano" } << \new Staff { \pianoRHMusic } \new Staff { \pianoLHMusic } >> \new ChoirStaff = "ChoirStaff_choir" << \new Staff = "Staff_soprano" \with { instrumentName = "Soprano" } \new Voice = "soprano" \sopranoMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" { \sopranoLyrics } \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_altos" \with { \accepts Lyrics } << \new Staff = "Staff_altoI" \with { instrumentName = "Alto I" } \new Voice = "altoI" \altoIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoI" { \altoILyrics } \new Staff = "Staff_altoII" \with { instrumentName = "Alto II" } \new Voice = "altoII" \altoIIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoII" { \altoIILyrics } >> \new Staff = "Staff_tenor" \with { instrumentName = "Tenor" } \new Voice = "tenor" \tenorMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" { \tenorLyrics } >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_strings" << \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_violins" << \new Staff = "Staff_violinI" \with { instrumentName = "Violin I" } \violinIMusic \new Staff = "Staff_violinII" \with { instrumentName = "Violin II" } \violinIIMusic >> \new Staff = "Staff_viola" \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } \violaMusic \new Staff = "Staff_cello" \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } \celloMusic \new Staff = "Staff_bass" \with { instrumentName = "Double Bass" } \bassMusic >> >> \layout { } }
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Impedire l’inserimento automatico dei bequadri supplementari
Secondo le norme tipografiche tradizionali, un segno di bequadro viene
inserito prima di un diesis o di un bemolle se un precedente doppio diesis o
bemolle sulla stessa nota è cancellato. Per cambiare questo comportamento
e seguire la pratica contemporanea, si imposta la proprietà extraNatural
su f
(falso) nel contesto Staff
.
\relative c'' { aeses4 aes ais a \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f aeses4 aes ais a }
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Impedire l’inserimento dei segni di bequadro quando cambia l’armatura di chiave
Quando l’armatura di chiave cambia, vengono inseriti automaticamente i
segni di bequadro per annulare le alterazioni di precedenti armature. Si
può evitare questo comportamento impostando su f
(falso) la proprietà
printKeyCancellation
nel contesto Staff
.
\relative c' { \key d \major a4 b cis d \key g \minor a4 bes c d \set Staff.printKeyCancellation = ##f \key d \major a4 b cis d \key g \minor a4 bes c d }
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Quoting another voice with transposition
Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and
target. In this example, all instruments play sounding middle C; the
target is an instrument in F. The target part may be transposed using
\transpose
. In this case, all the pitches (including the
quoted ones) are transposed.
\addQuote clarinet { \transposition bes \repeat unfold 8 { d'16 d' d'8 } } \addQuote sax { \transposition es' \repeat unfold 16 { a8 } } quoteTest = { % french horn \transposition f g'4 << \quoteDuring "clarinet" { \skip 4 } s4^"clar." >> << \quoteDuring "sax" { \skip 4 } s4^"sax." >> g'4 } { \new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \column { Horn "in F" } } } \quoteTest \transpose c' d' << \quoteTest s4_"up a tone" >> }
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Separating key cancellations from key signature changes
By default, the accidentals used for key cancellations are placed
adjacent to those for key signature changes. This behavior can be
changed by overriding the 'break-align-orders
property of the
BreakAlignment
grob.
The value of 'break-align-orders
is a vector of length 3, with
quoted lists of breakable items as elements. This example only
modifies the second list, moving key-cancellation
before
staff-bar
; by modifying the second list, break alignment
behavior only changes in the middle of a system, not at the beginning
or the end.
\new Staff { \override Score.BreakAlignment.break-align-orders = ##((left-edge ambitus breathing-sign clef staff-bar key-cancellation key-signature time-signature custos) (left-edge ambitus breathing-sign clef key-cancellation staff-bar key-signature time-signature custos) (left-edge ambitus breathing-sign clef key-cancellation key-signature staff-bar time-signature custos)) \key des \major c'1 \bar "||" \key bes \major c'1 }
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Trasposizione delle altezze con numero minimo di alterazioni
Questo esempio usa del codice Scheme per imporre delle modifiche enarmoniche alle note che permettano di avere il numero minimo di alterazioni. In questo caso si applica la seguente regola:
Le doppie alterazioni devono essere eliminate
Si diesis -> Do
Mi diesis -> Fa
Do bemolle -> Si
Fa bemolle -> Mi
In questo modo vengono scelti i suoni enarmonici più semplici.
#(define (naturalize-pitch p) (let ((o (ly:pitch-octave p)) (a (* 4 (ly:pitch-alteration p))) ;; alteration, a, in quarter tone steps, ;; for historical reasons (n (ly:pitch-notename p))) (cond ((and (> a 1) (or (eqv? n 6) (eqv? n 2))) (set! a (- a 2)) (set! n (+ n 1))) ((and (< a -1) (or (eqv? n 0) (eqv? n 3))) (set! a (+ a 2)) (set! n (- n 1)))) (cond ((> a 2) (set! a (- a 4)) (set! n (+ n 1))) ((< a -2) (set! a (+ a 4)) (set! n (- n 1)))) (if (< n 0) (begin (set! o (- o 1)) (set! n (+ n 7)))) (if (> n 6) (begin (set! o (+ o 1)) (set! n (- n 7)))) (ly:make-pitch o n (/ a 4)))) #(define (naturalize music) (let ((es (ly:music-property music 'elements)) (e (ly:music-property music 'element)) (p (ly:music-property music 'pitch))) (if (pair? es) (ly:music-set-property! music 'elements (map naturalize es))) (if (ly:music? e) (ly:music-set-property! music 'element (naturalize e))) (if (ly:pitch? p) (begin (set! p (naturalize-pitch p)) (ly:music-set-property! music 'pitch p))) music)) naturalizeMusic = #(define-music-function (m) (ly:music?) (naturalize m)) music = \relative c' { c4 d e g } \score { \new Staff { \transpose c ais { \music } \naturalizeMusic \transpose c ais { \music } \transpose c deses { \music } \naturalizeMusic \transpose c deses { \music } } \layout { } }
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Turkish Makam example
This template uses the start of a well-known Turkish Saz Semai that is familiar in the repertoire in order to illustrate some of the elements of Turkish music notation.
\paper { tagline = ##f } % Initialize makam settings \include "turkish-makam.ly" \header { title = "Hüseyni Saz Semaisi" composer = "Lavtacı Andon" } \relative { \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f \key a \huseyni \time 10/8 a'4 g'16 [fb] e8. [d16] d [c d e] c [d c8] bfc | a16 [bfc a8] bfc c16 [d c8] d16 [e d8] e4 fb8 | d4 a'8 a16 [g fb e] fb8 [g] a8. [b16] a16 [g] | g4 g16 [fb] fb8. [e16] e [g fb e] e4 r8 | }
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Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave
Cambiando il glifo della chiave, la sua posizione o l’ottavazione non
cambia la posizione delle note successive nel rigo. Per far sì che
le armature di chiave si trovino sulle linee del rigo corrette, bisogna
specificare anche middleCPosition
, con valori positivi o negativi
che spostano il Do centrale
rispettivamente su o giù in senso
relativo alla linea centrale del rigo.
Per esempio, \clef "treble_8"
equivale a impostare
clefGlyph
, clefPosition
(che regola la posizione
verticale della chiave), middleCPosition
e
clefTransposition
. Viene stampata una chiave quando cambia una
di queste proprietà, eccetto middleCPosition
.
Gli esempi seguenti mostrano le possibilità date dall’impostazione manuale di tali proprietà. Sulla prima linea le modifiche manuali preservano il posizionamento relativo standard di chiavi e note, mentre sulla seconda linea non lo fanno.
{ % The default treble clef \key f \major c'1 % The standard bass clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #6 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #6 \key g \major c'1 % The baritone clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" \set Staff.clefPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #4 \key f \major c'1 % The standard choral tenor clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" \set Staff.clefPosition = #-2 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #-7 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #1 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #1 \key f \major c'1 % A non-standard clef \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #-4 \key g \major c'1 \break % The following clef changes do not preserve % the normal relationship between notes, key signatures % and clefs: \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #7 c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 c'1 % Return to the normal clef: \set Staff.middleCPosition = #0 c'1 }
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Using autochange with more than one voice
Using autochange
with more than one voice.
\score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" { << \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \set Timing.beatStructure = #'(4) \new Voice { \voiceOne \autoChange \relative c' { g8 a b c d e f g g,8 a b c d e f g } } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \autoChange \relative c' { g8 a b c d e f g g,,8 a b c d e f g } } >> } \new Staff = "down" { \clef bass } >> }
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Rhythms
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Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms
LilyPond syntax can involve many unusual placements for parentheses, brackets etc., which might sometimes have to be interleaved.
For example, when entering a manual beam, the left square bracket has to be placed after the starting note and its duration, not before. Similarly, the right square bracket should directly follow the note which is to be at the end of the requested beaming, even if this note happens to be inside a tuplet section.
This snippet demonstrates how to combine manual beaming, manual slurs, ties and phrasing slurs with tuplet sections (enclosed within curly braces).
{ r16[ g16 \tuplet 3/2 { r16 e'8] } g16( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d e') } g8[( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d') e'] ~ } \time 2/4 \tuplet 5/4 { e'32\( a b d' e' } a'4.\) }
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Adding drum parts
Using the powerful pre-configured tools such as the \drummode
function and the DrumStaff
context, inputting drum parts is
quite easy: drums are placed at their own staff positions (with a
special clef symbol) and have note heads according to the drum.
Attaching an extra symbol to the drum or restricting the number of
lines is possible.
drh = \drummode { cymc4.^"crash" hhc16^"h.h." hh hhc8 hho hhc8 hh16 hh hhc4 r4 r2 } drl = \drummode { bd4 sn8 bd bd4 << bd ss >> bd8 tommh tommh bd toml toml bd tomfh16 tomfh } timb = \drummode { timh4 ssh timl8 ssh r timh r4 ssh8 timl r4 cb8 cb } \score { << \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "timbales" drumStyleTable = #timbales-style \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #2 \override BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1 . 1) } << \timb >> \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "drums" } << \new DrumVoice { \stemUp \drh } \new DrumVoice { \stemDown \drl } >> >> \layout { } \midi { \tempo 4 = 120 } }
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Adjusting grace note spacing
The space given to grace notes can be adjusted using the
spacing-increment
property of Score.GraceSpacing
.
graceNotes = { \grace { c4 c8 c16 c32 } c8 } \relative c'' { c8 \graceNotes \override Score.GraceSpacing.spacing-increment = #2.0 \graceNotes \revert Score.GraceSpacing.spacing-increment \graceNotes }
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Allineare i numeri di battuta
Per impostazione predefinita i numeri di battuta sono allineati a destra rispetto al loro oggetto genitore. Di solito si tratta del margine sinistro della linea oppure, se i numeri appaiono all’interno della linea, del lato sinistro della stanghetta. I numeri possono essere posizionati anche direttamente sopra la stanghetta oppure allineati a sinistra della stanghetta.
\relative c' { \set Score.currentBarNumber = #111 \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #all-visible % Increase the size of the bar number by 2 \override Score.BarNumber.font-size = #2 % Print a bar number every second measure \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2) c1 | c1 % Center-align bar numbers \override Score.BarNumber.self-alignment-X = #CENTER c1 | c1 % Left-align bar numbers \override Score.BarNumber.self-alignment-X = #LEFT c1 | c1 }
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Note brevi alternative
Le note brevi sono disponibili anche con due linee verticali su ciascun lato della testa invece di una sola e in stile barocco.
\relative c'' { \time 4/2 c\breve | \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'altdefault b\breve \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'baroque b\breve \revert Staff.NoteHead.style a\breve }
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Appoggiatura or grace note before a bar line
By default, appoggiaturas and grace notes that occur on the first beat of a measure are printed after the bar line. They can however be printed before, simply by adding an invisible BarLine and then the visible one, as demonstrated here.
{ R1 %% default \appoggiatura d''8 c''4 r2. %% cheated \appoggiatura { \bar "" d''8 \bar "|" } c''4 r2. }
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Automatic beam subdivisions
Beams can be subdivided automatically. By setting the property
subdivideBeams
, beams are subdivided at beat positions (as
specified in baseMoment
).
\new Staff { \relative c'' { << { \voiceOne \set subdivideBeams = ##t b32[ a g f c' b a g b32^"subdivide beams" a g f c' b a g] } \new Voice { \voiceTwo b32_"default"[ a g f c' b a g b32 a g f c' b a g] } >> \oneVoice \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 b32^"baseMoment 1 8"[ a g f c' b a g] \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \set beatStructure = 4,4,4,4 b32^"baseMoment 1 16"[ a g f c' b a g] } }
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Automatically change durations
shiftDurations
can be used to change the note lengths of a piece
of music.
It takes two arguments - the scaling factor as a power of two, and the number of dots to be added as a positive integer.
\paper { indent = 0 } music = \relative c'' { a1 b2 c4 d8 r } \score { \new Voice { \time 4/2 \music \time 4/4 \shiftDurations #1 #0 { \music } \time 2/4 \shiftDurations #2 #0 { \music } \time 4/1 \shiftDurations #-1 #0 { \music } \time 8/1 \shiftDurations #-2 #0 { \music } \time 6/2 \shiftDurations #0 #1 { \music } \time 7/2 \shiftDurations #0 #2 { \music } } }
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Estremità delle travature nel contesto Score
Le regole relative alle estremità delle travature definite nel contesto Score
si applicano a tutti i righi, ma possono essere modificate anche ai livelli
Staff
e Voice
:
\relative c'' { \time 5/4 % Set default beaming for all staves \set Score.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set Score.beatStructure = 3,4,3 << \new Staff { c8 c c c c c c c c c } \new Staff { % Modify beaming for just this staff \set Staff.beatStructure = 6,4 c8 c c c c c c c c c } \new Staff { % Inherit beaming from Score context << { \voiceOne c8 c c c c c c c c c } % Modify beaming for this voice only \new Voice { \voiceTwo \set Voice.beatStructure = 6,4 a8 a a a a a a a a a } >> } >> }
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Travature che attraversano le interruzioni di linea
Le interruzioni di linea sono di norma proibite quando le travature attraversano la stanghetta di una battuta. Si può cambiare questo comportamento nel modo seguente:
\relative c'' { \override Beam.breakable = ##t c8 c[ c] c[ c] c[ c] c[ \break c8] c[ c] c[ c] c[ c] c }
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Modificare la distanza delle travature angolari
Le travature angolari vengono inserite automaticamente quando viene
rilevata un’ampia distanza tra le teste di nota. Questo comportamento
può essere regolato attraverso la proprietà auto-knee-gap
. Viene
disegnata una travatura angolare se la distanza è più grande del valore
di auto-knee-gap
più la larghezza della travatura (che dipende dalla
durata delle note e dall’inclinazione della travatura). Il valore predefinito
di auto-knee-gap
è 5.5 spazi rigo.
{ f8 f''8 f8 f''8 \override Beam.auto-knee-gap = #6 f8 f''8 f8 f''8 }
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Modificare la forma delle pause multiple
Se la pausa multipla dura dieci misure o un numero inferiore a dieci, nel rigo
apparirà una serie di pause di longa e di breve (chiamate in tedesco “Kirchenpausen”
- pause ecclesiastiche); altrimenti apparirà una semplice linea. Il numero
predefinito di dieci può essere cambiato sovrascrivendo la proprietà
expand-limit
..
\relative c'' { \compressMMRests { R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9 \override MultiMeasureRest.expand-limit = #3 R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9 } }
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Modifica del numero di punti di aumentazione per nota
Il numero di punti di aumentazione su una singola nota può essere modificato in modo indipendente dai punti posizionati dopo la nota.
\relative c' { c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #4 c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #0 c4.. a16 r2 | \revert Dots.dot-count c4.. a16 r2 | }
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Modificare il tempo senza mostrare l’indicazione metronomica
Per cambiare il tempo del file MIDI senza che appaia l’indicazione metronomica, basta renderla invisibile.
\score { \new Staff \relative c' { \tempo 4 = 160 c4 e g b c4 b d c \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 96 d,4 fis a cis d4 cis e d } \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modifica del numero del gruppo irregolare
Di norma compare sulla parentesi del gruppo irregolare solo il
numeratore del numero del gruppo irregolare, ovvero il numeratore
dell’argomento del comando \tuplet
. Ma è possibile
mostrare la frazione num:den del numero del gruppo irregolare
oppure nascondere del tutto il numero.
\relative c'' { \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } \override TupletNumber.text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } \omit TupletNumber \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c c } }
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Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using \scaleDurations
The measureLength
property, together with
measurePosition
, determines when a bar line is needed. However,
when using \scaleDurations
, the scaling of durations makes it
difficult to change time signatures. In this case,
measureLength
should be set manually, using the
ly:make-moment
callback. The second argument must be the same
as the second argument of \scaleDurations
.
\layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" } \context { \Staff \consists "Timing_translator" } } << \new Staff { \scaleDurations 8/5 { \time 6/8 \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 6/5) b8 b b b b b \time 2/4 \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 4/5) b4 b } } \new Staff { \clef bass \time 2/4 c2 d e f } >>
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Notazione per canti e salmi
Questa forma di notazione è utilizzata per i salmi, dove i versi non sono sempre della stessa lunghezza.
stemOff = \hide Staff.Stem stemOn = \undo \stemOff \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \key g \minor \cadenzaOn \stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4 \stemOn a'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4 \stemOn f'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe } \stemOn g'2 \fine } }
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Compound time signatures
Odd 20th century time signatures (such as “5/8”) can often be played as compound time signatures (e.g. “3/8 + 2/8”), which combine two or more inequal metrics.
LilyPond can make such music quite easy to read and play, by explicitly printing the compound time signatures and adapting the automatic beaming behavior.
\relative c' { \compoundMeter #'((2 8) (3 8)) c8 d e fis gis c8 fis, gis e d c8 d e4 gis8 }
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Segni per la conduzione, segni di raggruppamento della misura
Il raggruppamento delle pulsazioni all’interno della misura è regolato dalla
proprietà di contesto beatStructure
. I valori di beatStructure
per
varie indicazioni di tempo vengono stabiliti in scm/time-signature-settings.scm
.
Questi valori possono essere impostati o modificati con \set
. Altrimenti, si
può usare \time
per impostare sia l’indicazione di tempo che la struttura
delle pulsazioni. Per farlo si specifica il raggruppamento interno delle pulsazioni in
una misura in una lista di numeri (nella sintassi di Scheme) prima dell’indicazione
di tempo.
\time
agisce nel contesto Timing
, dunque non reimposterà i
i valori di beatStructure
e baseMoment
che sono impostati in
altri contesti di più basso livello, come Voice
.
Se si include l’incisore Measure_grouping_engraver
in uno dei
contesti che regolano l’aspetto, appariranno i segni di raggruppamento
della misura. Tali segni facilitano la lettura di musica moderna ritmicamente
complessa.
Nell’esempio la misura di 9/8 è raggruppata in due diversi schemi usando
due metodi differenti, mentre la misura di 5/8 è raggruppata in base alle
impostazioni predefinite in scm/time-signature-settings.scm
:
\score { \new Voice \relative c'' { \time 9/8 g8 g d d g g a( bes g) | \set Timing.beatStructure = 2,2,2,3 g8 g d d g g a( bes g) | \time 4,5 9/8 g8 g d d g g a( bes g) | \time 5/8 a4. g4 | } \layout { \context { \Staff \consists "Measure_grouping_engraver" } } }
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Consistently left aligned bar numbers
When left aligning bar numbers, overlapping problems may occur with Staves brackets.
The snippet solves this by keeping right aligned the first bar number following line breaks.
consistentlyLeftAlignedBarNumbers = { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \override Score.BarNumber.self-alignment-X = #(lambda (grob) (let ((break-dir (ly:item-break-dir grob))) (if (= break-dir RIGHT) RIGHT LEFT))) } \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \relative c' { \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 3) \bar "" \consistentlyLeftAlignedBarNumbers \set Score.currentBarNumber = #112 \repeat unfold 8 { R1 } \break \repeat unfold 9 { R1 } \break \repeat unfold 7 { R1 } } } \new Staff { \relative c' { \repeat unfold 24 { R1 } } } >> \layout { indent = #0 ragged-right = ##t ragged-last = ##t }
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Controllare la visibilità della parentesi del gruppo irregolare
Il comportamento predefinito relativo alla visibilità della parentesi quadra del gruppo irregolare è di mostrare una parentesi a meno che non ci sia una travatura della stessa lunghezza del gruppo.
Per controllare la visibilità di tale parentesi, si imposta la proprietà
'bracket-visibility
su #t
(mostra sempre la parentesi),
#'if-no-beam
(mostra la parentesi solo se non c’è una travatura,
che è il comportamento predefinito) o #f
(non mostrare mai la parentesi).
L’ultima opzione equivale a omettere l’oggetto @code{TupletBracket}
dall’output.
music = \relative c'' { \tuplet 3/2 { c16[ d e } f8] \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } \tuplet 3/2 { c4 d e } } \new Voice { \relative c' { \override Score.TextMark.non-musical = ##f \textMark "default" \music \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam \textMark \markup \typewriter "'if-no-beam" \music \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = ##t \textMark \markup \typewriter "#t" \music \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = ##f \textMark \markup \typewriter "#f" \music \omit TupletBracket \textMark \markup \typewriter "omit" \music } }
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Cow and ride bell example
Two different bells, entered with ’cb’ (cowbell) and ’rb’ (ridebell).
\paper { tagline = ##f } #(define mydrums '((ridebell default #f 3) (cowbell default #f -2))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Different Bells" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \set DrumStaff.clefPosition = 0.5 \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.0 . 1.5) \time 2/4 rb8 8 cb8 16 rb16-> ~ | 16 8 16 cb8 8 | }
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Creare indicazioni metronomiche in modalità testuale
Si possono creare nuove indicazioni metronomiche in modalità testuale, ma non modificheranno il tempo del file MIDI.
\relative c' { \tempo \markup { \concat { ( \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note {16.} #1 " = " \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note {8} #1 ) } } c1 c4 c' c,2 }
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Disegnare manualmente le legature di valore
Le legature di valore possono essere disegnate a mano cambiando la
proprietà tie-configuration
dell’oggetto TieColumn
. Il
primo numero indica la distanza dal centro del rigo nell’unità di
metà spazio rigo, mentre il secondo numero indica la
direzione (1 = su, -1 = giù).
Si noti che LilyPond fa una distinzione tra valori precisi e imprecisi
per il primo numero. Se si usa un valore preciso (ovvero un intero o
una frazione come (/ 4 5)
), il valore serve come posizione verticale
approssimata che viene ulteriormente aggiustata da LilyPond per far sì che
la legatura di valore eviti le linee del rigo. Se si usa un valore impreciso,
come una virgola mobile, viene usato per la posizione verticale senza ulteriori
regolazioni.
\relative c' { <c e g>2~ <c e g> \override TieColumn.tie-configuration = #'((0.0 . 1) (-2.0 . 1) (-4.0 . 1)) <c e g>2~ <c e g> \override TieColumn.tie-configuration = #'((0 . 1) (-2 . 1) (-4 . 1)) <c e g>2~ <c e g> }
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Engraving tremolos with floating beams
If a tremolo’s total duration is less than a quarter-note, or exactly a
half-note, or between a half-note and a whole-note, it is normally
typeset with all beams touching the stems. Certain engraving styles
typeset some of these beams as centered floating beams that do not
touch the stems. The number of floating beams in this type of tremolo
is controlled with the 'gap-count
property of the Beam
object, and the size of the gaps between beams and stems is set with
the 'gap
property.
\relative c'' { \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #1 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #2 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #3 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #3 \override Beam.gap = #1.33 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap = #1 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap = #0.67 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap = #0.33 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } }
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Inserire vari gruppi irregolari usando una sola volta il comando \tuplet
La proprietà tupletSpannerDuration
imposta la durata di ognuno dei
gruppi irregolari compresi tra parentesi dopo il comando \tuplet
.
In questo modo si possono inserire molti gruppi irregolari consecutivi
all’interno di una singola espressione \tuplet
, risparmiando così
tempo e spazio.
Ci sono vari modi per impostare tupletSpannerDuration
. Il
comando \tupletSpan
la imposta su una certa durata e poi
la annulla quando invece di una durata viene specificato
\default
. Altrimenti si può usare un argomento
opzionale con \tuplet
.
\relative c' { \time 2/4 \tupletSpan 4 \tuplet 3/2 { c8^"\\tupletSpan 4" c c c c c } \tupletSpan \default \tuplet 3/2 { c8^"\\tupletSpan \\default" c c c c c } \tuplet 3/2 4 { c8^"\\tuplet 3/2 4 {...}" c c c c c } }
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Code e punte delle travature
È possibile ottenere delle codette su note isolate e dei tratti di suddivisione all’estremità
della travatura con una combinazione di stemLeftBeamCount
,
stemRightBeamCount
e una coppia di indicatori della travatura []
.
Per ottenere delle codette rivolte a destra, si usa la coppia di indicatori
[]
e si imposta stemLeftBeamCount
a zero (vedi Example 1).
Per ottenere delle codette rivolte a sinistra, si imposta invece
stemRightBeamCount
(Example 2).
Perché i tratti di suddivisione alla fine di un gruppo di note unite da
travatura siano rivolti a destra, si imposta stemRightBeamCount
su un
valore positivo. Perché i tratti di suddivisione all’inizio di un gruppo di note
unite da travatura siano rivolti a sinistra, si imposta invece
stemLeftBeamCount
(Example 3).
Talvolta, ad esempio per una nota isolata circondata da pause, ha senso
avere una coda che punti sia a destra che a sinistra. Lo si può fare con
una coppia di indicatori di travatura []
da soli (Example 4).
(Nota che \set stemLeftBeamCount
è sempre equivalente a
\once \set
. In altre parole, le impostazioni che definiscono
il conteggio delle travature non “permangono”, quindi la coppia di code
attaccate al 16[]
solitario nell’ultimo esempio non hanno nulla a
che fare con l’impostazione \set
di due note prima.)
\score { << % Example 1 \new RhythmicStaff { \set stemLeftBeamCount = #0 c16[] r8. } % Example 2 \new RhythmicStaff { r8. \set stemRightBeamCount = #0 16[] } % Example 3 \new RhythmicStaff { 16 16 \set stemRightBeamCount = #2 16 r r \set stemLeftBeamCount = #2 16 16 16 } % Example 4 \new RhythmicStaff { 16 16 \set stemRightBeamCount = #2 16 r16 16[] r16 \set stemLeftBeamCount = #2 16 16 } >> }
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Forcing rehearsal marks to start from a given letter or number
This snippet demonstrates how to obtain automatic ordered rehearsal marks, but from the letter or number desired.
\relative c'' { c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark #14 c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 \mark \default c1 }
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Generating custom flags
The stencil
property of the Flag
grob can be set to a
custom scheme function to generate the glyph for the flag.
#(define-public (weight-flag grob) (let* ((stem-grob (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (log (- (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'duration-log) 2)) (is-up? (eqv? (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'direction) UP)) (yext (if is-up? (cons (* log -0.8) 0) (cons 0 (* log 0.8)))) (flag-stencil (make-filled-box-stencil '(-0.4 . 0.4) yext)) (stroke-style (ly:grob-property grob 'stroke-style)) (stroke-stencil (if (equal? stroke-style "grace") (make-line-stencil 0.2 -0.9 -0.4 0.9 -0.4) empty-stencil))) (ly:stencil-add flag-stencil stroke-stencil))) % Create a flag stencil by looking up the glyph from the font #(define (inverted-flag grob) (let* ((stem-grob (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (dir (if (eqv? (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'direction) UP) "d" "u")) (flag (retrieve-glyph-flag "" dir "" grob)) (line-thickness (ly:staff-symbol-line-thickness grob)) (stem-thickness (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'thickness)) (stem-width (* line-thickness stem-thickness)) (stroke-style (ly:grob-property grob 'stroke-style)) (stencil (if (null? stroke-style) flag (add-stroke-glyph flag stem-grob dir stroke-style ""))) (rotated-flag (ly:stencil-rotate-absolute stencil 180 0 0))) (ly:stencil-translate rotated-flag (cons (- (/ stem-width 2)) 0)))) snippetexamplenotes = { \autoBeamOff c'8 d'16 c'32 d'64 \acciaccatura {c'8} d'64 } { \time 1/4 \textMark "Normal flags" \snippetexamplenotes \textMark "Custom flag: inverted" \override Flag.stencil = #inverted-flag \snippetexamplenotes \textMark "Custom flag: weight" \override Flag.stencil = #weight-flag \snippetexamplenotes \textMark "Revert to normal" \revert Flag.stencil \snippetexamplenotes }
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Ritmi di accompagnamento per chitarra
Per la musica per chitarra, è possibile mostrare i ritmi di accompagnamento, insieme alle note della melodia e ai nomi e ai diagrammi degli accordi.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 | f | g | c } } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 | f | g | c } } \new Voice \with { \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" } { \relative c'' { \improvisationOn c4 c8 c c4 c8 c f4 f8 f f4 f8 f g4 g8 g g4 g8 g c4 c8 c c4 c8 c } } \new Voice = "melody" { \relative c'' { c2 e4 e4 f2. r4 g2. a4 e4 c2. } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { This is my song. I like to sing. } } >>
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Heavily customized polymetric time signatures
Though the polymetric time signature shown was not the most essential item here, it has been included to show the beat of this piece (which is the template of a real Balkan song!).
melody = \relative c'' { \key g \major \compoundMeter #'((3 8) (2 8) (2 8) (3 8) (2 8) (2 8) (2 8) (2 8) (3 8) (2 8) (2 8)) c8 c c d4 c8 c b c b a4 g fis8 e d c b' c d e4-^ fis8 g \break c,4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 \break c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 \break } drum = \new DrumStaff \drummode { \repeat volta 2 { bd4.^\markup { Drums } sn4 bd \bar ";" sn4. bd4 sn \bar ";" bd sn bd4. sn4 bd } } \new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "B" \flat " Sop." } } } { \melody \drum }
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High and Low woodblock example
Two Woodblocks, entered with ’wbh’ (high woodblock) and ’wbl’ (low woodblock). The length of the barline has been altered with an \override command otherwise it would be too short. The positions of the two stafflines also have to be explicitly defined.
\paper { tagline = ##f } % These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave; % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads % for the woodblocks. #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #f 3) (lowoodblock default #f -2))) woodstaff = { % This defines a staff with only two lines. % It also defines the positions of the two lines. \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3) % This is necessary; if not entered, % the barline would be too short! \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.0 . 1.5) % small correction for the clef: \set DrumStaff.clefPosition = 0.5 } \new DrumStaff { % with this you load your new drum style table \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \woodstaff \drummode { \time 2/4 wbl8 16 16 8-> 8 | wbl8 16 16-> ~ 16 16 r8 | } }
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Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
Setting the transparent
property will cause an object to be
printed in “invisible ink”: the object is not printed, but all its
other behavior is retained. The object still takes up space, it takes
part in collisions, and slurs, ties and beams can be attached to it.
This snippet demonstrates how to connect different voices using ties. Normally, ties only connect two notes in the same voice. By introducing a tie in a different voice, and blanking the first up-stem in that voice, the tie appears to cross voices.
\relative { \time 2/4 << { \once \hide Stem \once \override Stem.length = #8 b'8 ~ 8\noBeam \once \hide Stem \once \override Stem.length = #8 g8 ~ 8\noBeam } \\ { b8 g g e } >> }
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Legature di portamento con complesse strutture di tratteggio
Le legature di portamento possono avere schemi di tratteggio complessi
definendo la proprietà dash-definition
. dash-definition
è
una lista di dash-elements
. Un dash-element
è una lista
di parametri che definiscono il comportamento del tratteggio per un
segmento della legatura.
La legatura di portamento è definita come il parametro t della curva di
bezier che va da 0 sul margine sinistro della legatura fino a 1 su quello
destro. dash-element
è una lista di (inizio-t fine-t frazione-trattino
punto-trattino)
. La regione della legatura di portamento che va da inizio-t
a
fine-t
avrà una frazione frazione-trattino
di ogni
punto-trattino
nero. punto-trattino
viene definito in spazi
rigo. frazione-trattino
è impostato su 1 per una legatura di portamento
continua.
\relative c' { \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.3 0.1 0.75) (0.3 0.6 1 1) (0.65 1.0 0.4 0.75)) c4( d e f) \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.25 1 1) (0.3 0.7 0.4 0.75) (0.75 1.0 1 1)) c4( d e f) }
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Manually controlling beam positions
Beam positions may be controlled manually, by overriding the
positions
setting of the Beam
grob.
\relative c' { \time 2/4 % from upper staff-line (position 2) to center (position 0) \override Beam.positions = #'(2 . 0) c8 c % from center to one above center (position 1) \override Beam.positions = #'(0 . 1) c8 c }
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Merging multi-measure rests in a polyphonic part
When using multi-measure rests in a polyphonic staff, the rests will be placed differently depending on the voice they belong to. However they can be printed on the same staff line, using the following setting.
normalPos = \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { << { c''1 R1 c''1 \normalPos R1 } \\ { c'1 R1 c'1 \normalPos R1 } >> }
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Modifying tuplet bracket length
Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next note. Default tuplet brackets end at the right edge of the final note of the tuplet; full-length tuplet brackets extend farther to the right, either to cover all the non-rhythmic notation up to the following note, or to cover only the whitespace before the next item of notation, be that a clef, time signature, key signature, or another note. The example shows how to switch tuplets to full length mode and how to modify what material they cover.
\new RhythmicStaff { % Set tuplets to be extendable... \set tupletFullLength = ##t % ...to cover all items up to the next note \set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t \time 2/4 \tuplet 3/2 { c4 4 4 } % ...or to cover just whitespace \set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f \time 4/4 \tuplet 5/4 { 4 1 } \time 3/4 2. }
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Spostare le note puntate in polifonia
Quando una nota puntata della voce più alta viene spostata per evitare una
collisione con una nota di un’altra voce, il comportamento predefinito è
spostare la nota più alta a destra. Tale comportamento può essere
modificato tramite la proprietà prefer-dotted-right
di
NoteCollision
.
\new Staff \relative c' << { f2. f4 \override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##f f2. f4 \override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##t f2. f4 } \\ { e4 e e e e e e e e e e e } >>
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Regolazione della lunghezza delle pause multiple
Le pause multiple hanno una lunghezza che dipende dalla loro durata totale
e tale lunghezza è regolata da MultiMeasureRest.space-increment
. Nota
che il valore predefinito è 2.0
.
\relative c' { \compressEmptyMeasures R1*2 R1*4 R1*64 R1*16 \override Staff.MultiMeasureRest.space-increment = 2.5 R1*2 R1*4 R1*64 R1*16 }
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Testo a margine delle pause multiple
Il testo a margine di una pausa multipla viene centrato sopra o sotto di essa. Se il testo è lungo, la misura non si espanderà. Per espandere la pausa multipla in modo che si allinei col testo, conviene usare un accordo vuoto con del testo attaccato prima della pausa multipla.
Il testo così attaccato a una nota spaziatrice viene allineato a sinistra della posizione in cui la nota sarebbe posta nella misura, ma se la lunghezza della misura è determinata dalla lunghezza del testo, il testo verrà centrato.
\relative c' { \compressMMRests { \textLengthOn <>^\markup { [MAJOR GENERAL] } R1*19 <>_\markup { \italic { Cue: ... it is yours } } <>^\markup { A } R1*30^\markup { [MABEL] } \textLengthOff c4^\markup { CHORUS } d f c } }
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Numeri non predefiniti per i gruppi irregolari
LilyPond fornisce anche funzioni di formattazione che permettono di creare numeri di gruppi irregolari diversi dalla frazione vera e propria, così come di aggiungere un valore di nota al numero o alla frazione di un gruppo irregolare.
\relative c'' { \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-denominator-text 7) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-fraction-text 12 7) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper (tuplet-number::non-default-tuplet-fraction-text 12 7) (ly:make-duration 3 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text (ly:make-duration 2 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::append-note-wrapper tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text (ly:make-duration 2 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 c8 } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::fraction-with-notes (ly:make-duration 2 1) (ly:make-duration 3 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } \once \override TupletNumber.text = #(tuplet-number::non-default-fraction-with-notes 12 (ly:make-duration 3 0) 4 (ly:make-duration 2 0)) \tuplet 3/2 { c4. c4. c4. c4. } }
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Numbering single measure rests
Multi measure rests show their length by a number except for single
measures. This can be changed by setting restNumberThreshold
.
{ \compressEmptyMeasures R1 R1*10 R1*11 \bar "||" \set restNumberThreshold = 0 R1 R1*10 R1*11 \bar "||" \set restNumberThreshold = 10 R1 R1*10 R1*11 }
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PartCombine e autoBeamOff
La funzione \autoBeamOff
, se usata insieme a
\partCombine
, può essere difficile da comprendere.
È preferibile usare invece
\set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
per assicurarsi che la disposizione delle travature sia disabilitata per tutto il rigo.
\partCombine
funziona con 3 voci – gambo in su singolo,
gambo in giù singolo, gambo in su unito.
L’uso di \autoBeamOff
all’interno del primo argomento di partCombine
ha effetto sulla voce che è attiva al momento in cui la funzione viene elaborata,
ovvero sul gambo in su singolo o sul gambo in giù unito. L’uso di \autoBeamOff
nel secondo argomento avrà effetto sulla voce che ha il gambo in giù singolo.
Per poter usare \autoBeamOff
per impedire tutte le disposizioni automatiche
delle travature, se usato con \partCombine
, è necessario richiamare
tre volte la funzione \autoBeamOff
.
{ %\set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f % turns off all autobeaming \partCombine { \autoBeamOff % applies to split up stems \repeat unfold 4 a'16 %\autoBeamOff % applies to combined up stems \repeat unfold 4 a'8 \repeat unfold 4 a'16 } { \autoBeamOff % applies to down stems \repeat unfold 4 f'8 \repeat unfold 8 f'16 | } }
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Percussion example
A short example taken from Stravinsky’s L’Histoire du soldat.
#(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #f 4) (snare default #f -4) (tambourine default #f 0))) global = { \time 3/8 s4. \time 2/4 s2*2 \time 3/8 s4. \time 2/4 s2 } drumsA = { \context DrumVoice << { \global } { \drummode { \autoBeamOff \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 | sn4 \stemDown sn4 | \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 | \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 | \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb } } >> } drumsB = { \drummode { s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8 } } \layout { indent = 40 \context { \DrumStaff drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) } } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = \markup \center-column { "Tambourine" "et" "caisse claire s. timbre" } } \drumsA \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "Grosse Caisse" } \drumsB >> }
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Consentire l’interruzione del rigo all’interno di gruppi irregolari con travature
Questo esempio artificioso mostra come permettere interruzioni del rigo sia manuali che automatiche all’interno di un gruppo irregolare con travature. Si noti che le travature di questi gruppi irregolari fuori dal ritmo devono essere disposte manualmente.
\layout { \context { \Voice % Permit line breaks within tuplets \remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" % Allow beams to be broken at line breaks \override Beam.breakable = ##t } } \relative c'' { a8 \repeat unfold 5 { \tuplet 3/2 { c[ b a] } } % Insert a manual line break within a tuplet \tuplet 3/2 { c[ b \bar "" \break a] } \repeat unfold 5 { \tuplet 3/2 { c[ b a] } } c8 }
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Positioning grace note beams at the height of normal note beams
When notes are placed on ledger lines, their beams are usually centred on the stave. Grace notes beams are shorter and grace notes on ledger lines may well have beams outside the stave. You can override this beaming for grace notes.
\relative c { f8[ e] \grace { f8[ e] \override Stem.no-stem-extend = ##f f8[ e] \revert Stem.no-stem-extend } f8[ e] }
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Posizionare gli abbellimenti con dello spazio fluttuante
Se si imposta la proprietà 'strict-grace-spacing
, le colonne musicali
degli abbellimenti ’fluttuano’, ovvero si scollegano dalle note normali:
prima vengono spaziate le note normali, poi le colonne musicali degli
abbellimenti vengono messe a sinistra delle colonne delle note principali.
\relative c'' { << \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-grace-spacing = ##t \new Staff \new Voice { \afterGrace c4 { c16[ c8 c16] } c8[ \grace { b16 d } c8] c4 r } \new Staff { c16 c c c c c c c c4 r } >> }
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Posizionamento delle pause multiple
Diversamente dalle pause normali, non esiste un comando predefinito per cambiare la posizione sul rigo di un simbolo di pausa multipla di qualsiasi tipo connettendolo a una nota. Tuttavia, nella musica polifonica le pause multiple nelle voci dispari e pari sono separate verticalmente. Il posizionamento delle pause multiple si controlla nel modo seguente:
\relative c'' { % Multi-measure rests by default are set under the fourth line R1 % They can be moved using an override \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #-2 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #0 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #2 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #3 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #6 R1 \revert MultiMeasureRest.staff-position \break % In two Voices, odd-numbered voices are under the top line << { R1 } \\ { a1 } >> % Even-numbered voices are under the bottom line << { a1 } \\ { R1 } >> % Multi-measure rests in both voices remain separate << { R1 } \\ { R1 } >> % Separating multi-measure rests in more than two voices % requires an override << { R1 } \\ { R1 } \\ \once \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #0 { R1 } >> % Using compressed bars in multiple voices requires another override % in all voices to avoid multiple instances being printed \compressMMRests << \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { R1*3 } \\ \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { R1*3 } >> }
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Positioning opposing fermatas on a bar line
This snippet demonstrates a command that prints fermatas both above and below a bar line. If there would not otherwise be a bar line, it adds a double bar line. Semantically, the command codes a longer-than-normal caesura, which might be considered misuse depending on the situation.
twoWayFermata = { \once \set Staff.caesuraType = #'((underlying-bar-line . "||")) \once \set Staff.caesuraTypeTransform = ##f \caesura ^\fermata _\fermata } music = { f'1 \twoWayFermata R1 f'2 \twoWayFermata f'2 R1 b'1 \twoWayFermata \fine } \new GrandStaff << \new Staff \music \new Staff \music >>
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Preventing final mark from removing final tuplet
The addition of a final mark
can result in the loss of a final
tuplet marking. This can be overcome by setting
TupletBracket.full-length-to-extent
to false
.
% due to issue 2362 a long mark such as % \textEndMark "Composed Feb 2007 - Feb 2008" % cannot be used here. \new Staff { \set tupletFullLength = ##t \time 1/8 \tuplet 3/2 8 { c'16 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' } \tweak direction #DOWN \textEndMark "1234" } \new Staff { \set tupletFullLength = ##t \override TupletBracket.full-length-to-extent = ##f \time 1/8 \tuplet 3/2 8 { c'16 c' c' c' c' c' c' c' c' } \tweak direction #DOWN \textEndMark "1234" }
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Mostrare i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari
Impostando la proprietà barNumberVisibility
si possono far apparire
i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari. In questo esempio vengono
mostrati ogni due misure eccetto alla fine della linea.
\relative c' { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \set Score.currentBarNumber = #11 % Print a bar number every second measure \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2) c1 | c | c | c | c \break c1 | c | c | c | c }
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Printing bar numbers for broken measures
By default a BarNumber
of a broken measure is not repeated at
the beginning of the new line. Use
first-bar-number-invisible-save-broken-bars
for
barNumberVisibility
to get a parenthesized BarNumber
there.
\layout { \context { \Score barNumberVisibility = #first-bar-number-invisible-save-broken-bars \override BarNumber.break-visibility = ##(#f #t #t) } } \relative c' { c1 | d | e | f2 \bar "" \break fis | g1 | e2 \bar "" \break <>^"reenabled default" % back to default - % \unset Score.barNumberVisibility would do so as well \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #first-bar-number-invisible-and-no-parenthesized-bar-numbers es | d1 | c }
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Numeri di battuta racchiusi in rettangoli o cerchi
I numeri di battuta possono apparire anche all’interno di rettangoli o cerchi.
\relative c' { % Prevent bar numbers at the end of a line and permit them elsewhere \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 4) % Increase the size of the bar number by 2 \override Score.BarNumber.font-size = #2 % Draw a box round the following bar number(s) \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \repeat unfold 5 { c1 } % Draw a circle round the following bar number(s) \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \repeat unfold 4 { c1 } \bar "|." }
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Printing bar numbers using modulo-bar-number-visible
If the remainder of the division of the current BarNumber
by the
first argument of modulo-bar-number-visible
equals its second
argument print the BarNumber
.
Useful to print the BarNumber
at certain distances, p.e:
-
(modulo-bar-number-visible 3 2)
-> prints 2,5,8 -
(modulo-bar-number-visible 4 2)
-> prints 2,6,10 -
(modulo-bar-number-visible 3 1)
-> prints 3,5,7 -
(modulo-bar-number-visible 5 2)
-> prints 2,7,12
\layout { \context { \Score \override BarNumber.break-visibility = ##(#f #t #t) barNumberVisibility = #(modulo-bar-number-visible 3 2) } } \relative c' { c1 | d | e | f \break g1 | e | d | c }
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Stampare i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari variabili
Tramite la funzione di contesto {set-bar-number-visibility}
si possono modificare gli intervalli dei numeri di battuta.
\relative c' { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \context Score \applyContext #(set-bar-number-visibility 4) \repeat unfold 10 c'1 \context Score \applyContext #(set-bar-number-visibility 2) \repeat unfold 10 c }
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Posizionare il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata sotto il rigo
Di norma, il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata vengono posizionati sopra il
rigo. Per metterli sotto il rigo basta impostare correttamente la proprietà
direction
di MetronomeMark
o RehearsalMark
.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f } { % Metronome marks below the staff \override Score.MetronomeMark.direction = #DOWN \tempo 8. = 120 c''1 % Rehearsal marks below the staff \override Score.RehearsalMark.direction = #DOWN \mark \default c''1 }
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Printing music with different time signatures
In the following snippet, two parts have a completely different time signature, yet remain synchronized.
The bar lines can no longer be printed at the Score
level; to
allow independent bar lines in each part, the Timing_translator
is moved from the Score
context to the Staff
context.
If bar numbers are required, the Bar_number_engraver
should also
be moved, since it relies on properties set by the
Timing_translator
; a \with
block can be used to add bar
numbers to the relevant staff.
\paper { indent = #0 ragged-right = ##t } global = { \time 3/4 { s2.*3 } \bar "" \break { s2.*3 } } \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" \remove "Bar_number_engraver" \override SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching = ##t \override SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/64) } \context { \Staff \consists "Timing_translator" } \context { \Voice \remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" tupletFullLength = ##t } } Bassklarinette = \new Staff \with { \consists "Bar_number_engraver" barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2) \override BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible } << \global { \bar "|" \clef treble \time 3/8 d''4. \bar "|" \time 3/4 r8 des''2( c''8) \bar "|" \time 7/8 r4. ees''2 ~ \bar "|" \time 2/4 \tupletUp \tuplet 3/2 { ees''4 r4 d''4 ~ } \bar "|" \time 3/8 \tupletUp \tuplet 4/3 { d''4 r4 } \bar "|" \time 2/4 e''2 \bar "|" \time 3/8 es''4. \bar "|" \time 3/4 r8 d''2 r8 \bar "|" } >> Perkussion = \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \global { \bar "|" \clef percussion \time 3/4 r4 c'2 ~ \bar "|" c'2. \bar "|" R2. \bar "|" r2 g'4 ~ \bar "|" g'2. ~ \bar "|" g'2. } >> \new Staff << \global { \bar "|" \clef percussion \time 3/4 R2. \bar "|" g'2. ~ \bar "|" g'2. \bar "|" r4 g'2 ~ \bar "|" g'2 r4 \bar "|" g'2. } >> >> \score { << \Bassklarinette \Perkussion >> }
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Mostrare il numero di battuta nella prima misura
Il primo numero di battuta di una partitura viene soppresso se è inferiore
o uguale a ‘1’. Se si imposta barNumberVisibility
su
all-bar-numbers-visible
, verrà mostrato il numero di battuta della
prima misura e di tutte quelle successive. Si noti che perché funzioni è
necessario inserire una stanghetta invisibile prima della prima nota.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##t } \relative c' { \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible c1 | d | e | f \break g1 | e | d | c }
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Printing tuplet brackets on the note head side
Whichever option you choose for controlling the tuplet bracket
visibility, it will show or hide the tuplet bracket irrespectively
of tuplet bracket placement (stem side or note head side).
However, when placing the tuplet bracket on the note head side some
authors recommend always printing the tuplet bracket. The option
visible-over-note-heads
can be used to achieve this.
music = \relative c'' { \tupletNeutral \tuplet 3/2 { c16[ d e } f8] \tupletUp \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } } \new Voice { \relative c' { \time 2/4 \override TupletBracket.visible-over-note-heads = ##t \override Score.TextMark.non-musical = ##f { \textMark \markup "default" \music } \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam { \textMark \markup \typewriter "'if-no-beam" \music } } }
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Ridefinire le impostazioni predefinite globali degli abbellimenti
Le impostazioni globali predefinite degli abbellimenti sono salvate ni seguenti identificatori:
startGraceMusic stopGraceMusic startAcciaccaturaMusic stopAcciaccaturaMusic startAppoggiaturaMusic stopAppoggiaturaMusic
Sono definiti nel file ly/grace-init.ly
. Ridefinendoli si
possono ottenere effetti diversi.
startAcciaccaturaMusic = { <>( \override Flag.stroke-style = #"grace" \slurDashed } stopAcciaccaturaMusic = { \revert Flag.stroke-style \slurSolid <>) } \relative c'' { \acciaccatura d8 c1 }
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Togliere i numeri di battuta da uno spartito
I numeri di battuta possono essere tolti rimuovendo l’incisore
Bar_number_engraver
dal contesto Score
.
\layout { \context { \Score \omit BarNumber % or: %\remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } \relative c'' { c4 c c c \break c4 c c c }
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Removing connecting bar lines on StaffGroup, PianoStaff, or GrandStaff
By default, bar lines in StaffGroup, PianoStaff, or GrandStaff groups are connected between the staves, i.e. a SpanBar is printed. This behaviour can be overridden on a staff-by-staff basis.
\relative c' { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { e1 | e \once \override Staff.BarLine.allow-span-bar = ##f e1 | e | e } \new Staff { c1 | c | c \once \override Staff.BarLine.allow-span-bar = ##f c1 | c } \new Staff { a1 | a | a | a | a } >> }
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Stili di pausa
Esistono vari stili di pausa.
\new Staff \relative c { \omit Score.TimeSignature \cadenzaOn \override Staff.Rest.style = #'mensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { mensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'neomensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { neomensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'classical r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { classical } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'z r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { z-style } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'default r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { default } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 }
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Reverting default beam endings
To typeset beams grouped 3-4-3-2
in 12/8 it is necessary first
to override the default beam endings in 12/8, and then to set up the
new beaming endings:
\relative c'' { \time 12/8 % Default beaming a8 a a a a a a a a a a a % Set new values for beam endings \set Score.beatStructure = 3,4,3,2 a8 a a a a a a a a a a a }
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Rhythmic slashes
In “simple” lead-sheets, sometimes no actual notes are written, instead only “rhythmic patterns” and chords above the measures are notated giving the structure of a song. Such a feature is for example useful while creating/transcribing the structure of a song and also when sharing lead sheets with guitarists or jazz musicians.
The standard support for this using \repeat percent
is
unsuitable here since the first beat has to be an ordinary note or
rest.
This example shows two solutions to this problem, by redefining
ordinary rests to be printed as slashes. (If the duration of each beat
is not a quarter note, replace the r4
in the definitions with a
rest of the appropriate duration).
% Macro to print single slash rs = { \once \override Rest.stencil = #ly:percent-repeat-interface::beat-slash \once \override Rest.thickness = #0.48 \once \override Rest.slope = #1.7 r4 } % Function to print a specified number of slashes comp = #(define-music-function (count) (integer?) #{ \override Rest.stencil = #ly:percent-repeat-interface::beat-slash \override Rest.thickness = #0.48 \override Rest.slope = #1.7 \repeat unfold $count { r4 } \revert Rest.stencil #} ) \score { \relative c' { c4 d e f | \rs \rs \rs \rs | \comp #4 | } }
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Skips in lyric mode
The s
syntax for skips is only available in note mode and chord
mode. In other situations, for example, when entering lyrics, using the
\skip
command is recommended.
<< \relative c'' { a1 | a } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { \skip 1 bla1 } >>
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Skips in lyric mode (2)
Although s
skips cannot be used in \lyricmode
(it is
taken to be a literal “s”, not a space), double quotes (""
) or
underscores (_
) are available.
So for example:
<< \relative c'' { a4 b c d } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { a4 "" _ gap } >>
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Stemlets
In some notational conventions beams are allowed to extend over rests. Depending on preference, these beams may drop ’stemlets’ to help the eye appreciate the rhythm better, and in some modern music the rest itself is omitted and only the stemlet remains.
This snippet shows a progression from traditional notation, to beams
over the rest, to stemlets over the rest, to stemlets alone. Stemlets
are generated by overriding the 'stemlet-length
property of
Stem
, while rests are hidden by setting
'transparent = ##t
.
Some \markup
elements are included in the source to highlight
the different notations.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } { c'16^\markup { traditional } d' r f' g'16[^\markup { beams over rests } f' r d'] % N.B. use Score.Stem to set for the whole score. \override Staff.Stem.stemlet-length = #0.75 c'16[^\markup { stemlets over rests } d' r f'] g'16[^\markup { stemlets and no rests } f' \once \hide Rest r16 d'] }
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Travatura che segue strettamente il battito
Si possono impostare i tratti di suddivisione della travatura in modo che siano rivolti verso la relativa pulsazione. La prima travatura fa sì che non spuntino i tratti di suddivisione (comportamento predefinito); la seconda travatura è orientata verso la pulsazione.
\relative c'' { \time 6/8 a8. a16 a a \set strictBeatBeaming = ##t a8. a16 a a }
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Suddividere le travature
Le travature di note consecutive di un sedicesimo (o più brevi) non
vengono suddivise, ovvero i tre (o più) tratti della travatura si
estendono, senza spezzarsi, sugli interi gruppi di note.
Questo comportamento può essere modificato in modo da suddividere le
travature in sottogruppi attraverso la proprietà
subdivideBeams
. Se impostata, le travature che comprendono più
sottogruppi verranno suddivise a intervalli definiti dal
valore attuale di baseMoment
, riducendo le travature multiple
al numero di travature che indica il valore metrico della suddivisione.
Se il gruppo successivo alla suddivisione è più breve del valore
metrico corrente (di solito perché la travatura è incompleta), il
numero di travature riflette il gruppo di suddivisione più lungo
possibile. Tuttavia, se rimane una sola nota dopo la divisione, questa
restrizione non viene applicata.
Si noti che baseMoment
, se non impostata
esplicitamente, equivale a uno fratto il denominatore dell’attuale
indicazione di tempo. Deve quindi essere impostata su una frazione
che stabilisca la durata del sottogruppo di travature; lo si può fare
usando la funzione ly:make-moment
, come è mostrato in questo
frammento di codice. Inoltre quando baseMoment
cambia, anche
beatStructure
deve essere modificato per accordarsi con
baseMoment
:
\relative c'' { c32[ c c c c c c c] \set subdivideBeams = ##t c32[ c c c c c c c] % Set beam sub-group length to an eighth note \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 c32[ c c c c c c c] % Set beam sub-group length to a sixteenth note \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \set beatStructure = 4,4,4,4 c32[ c c c c c c c] % Shorten beam by 1/32 \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 c32[ c c c c c c] r32 % Shorten beam by 3/32 \set baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) \set beatStructure = 2,2,2,2 c32[ c c c c] r16. r2 }
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Tam-tam example
A tam-tam example, entered with ’tt’
#(define mydrums '((tamtam default #f 0))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tamtam" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer }
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Tambourine example
A tambourine example, entered ’tamb’
\paper { tagline = ##f } #(define mydrums '((tambourine default #f 0))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tambourine" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) \time 6/8 tamb8. 16 8 8 8 8 | tamb4. 8 8 8 | % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span! tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan | }
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Three-sided box
This example shows how to add a markup command to get a three sided box around some text (or other markup).
% New command to add a three sided box, with sides north, west and south % Based on the box-stencil command defined in scm/stencil.scm % Note that ";;" is used to comment a line in Scheme #(define-public (NWS-box-stencil stencil thickness padding) "Add a box around STENCIL, producing a new stencil." (let* ((x-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil X) padding)) (y-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil Y) padding)) (y-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (cons 0 thickness) y-ext)) (x-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (interval-widen x-ext thickness) (cons 0 thickness)))) ;; (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X 1 y-rule padding)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X LEFT y-rule padding)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y UP x-rule 0.0)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y DOWN x-rule 0.0)) stencil)) % The corresponding markup command, based on the \box command defined % in scm/define-markup-commands.scm #(define-markup-command (NWS-box layout props arg) (markup?) #:properties ((thickness 0.1) (font-size 0) (box-padding 0.2)) "Draw a box round @var{arg}. Looks at @code{thickness}, @code{box-padding} and @code{font-size} properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup." (let ((pad (* (magstep font-size) box-padding)) (m (interpret-markup layout props arg))) (NWS-box-stencil m thickness pad))) % Test it: \relative c' { c1^\markup { \NWS-box ABCD } c1^\markup { \NWS-box \note {4} #1.0 } }
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Time signature in parentheses
The time signature can be enclosed within parentheses.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (bracketify-stencil (ly:time-signature::print grob) Y 0.1 0.2 0.1)) \time 2/4 a4 b8 c }
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Time signature in parentheses - method 3
Another way to put the time signature in parenthesis
\relative c'' { \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (parenthesize-stencil (ly:time-signature::print grob) 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 )) \time 2/4 a4 b8 c }
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Indicazione di tempo che mostra solo il numeratore (invece della frazione)
Talvolta un’indicazione di tempo non deve mostrare la frazione intera (ad esempio
7/4), ma solo il numeratore (numero 7 in questo caso). Si può ottenere
facilmente con \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit
,
che cambia lo stile in modo permanente. Con \revert
Staff.TimeSignature.style
, questa impostazione può essere annullata. Per
applicare lo stile a cifra singola (single-digit
) a una sola indicazione
di tempo, si usa il comando \override
preceduto da \once
.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 c4 c c % Change the style permanently \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit \time 2/4 c4 c \time 3/4 c4 c c % Revert to default style: \revert Staff.TimeSignature.style \time 2/4 c4 c % single-digit style only for the next time signature \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit \time 5/4 c4 c c c c \time 2/4 c4 c }
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Modificare l’aspetto degli abbellimenti di un intero brano
L’aspetto di tutte le espressioni contenute nei blocchi \grace
di un
brano può essere modificato con le funzioni add-grace-property
e
remove-grace-property
. L’esempio seguente toglie la definizione
della direzione di Stem
nell’abbellimento, in modo che gli abbellimenti
non siano sempre rivolti in su, e barra le teste di nota.
\relative c'' { \new Staff { $(remove-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction) $(add-grace-property 'Voice 'NoteHead 'style 'cross) \new Voice { \acciaccatura { f16 } g4 \grace { d16 e } f4 \appoggiatura { f,32 g a } e2 } } }
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User defined time signatures
New time signature styles can be defined. The time signature in the second measure should be upside down in both staves.
#(add-simple-time-signature-style 'topsy-turvy (lambda (fraction) (make-rotate-markup 180 (make-compound-meter-markup fraction)))) << \new Staff { \time 3/4 f'2. \override Score.TimeSignature.style = #'topsy-turvy \time 3/4 R2. \bar "|." } \new Staff { R2. e'' } >>
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Using alternative flag styles
Alternative styles of flag on eighth and shorter notes can be displayed
by overriding the stencil
property of Flag
. Valid values
are modern-straight-flag
, old-straight-flag
and
flat-flag
.
testnotes = { \autoBeamOff c8 d16 c32 d64 \acciaccatura { c8 } d64 r4 } \score { \relative c' { \time 2/4 \testnotes \override Flag.stencil = #modern-straight-flag \testnotes \override Flag.stencil = #old-straight-flag \testnotes \override Flag.stencil = #flat-flag \testnotes \revert Flag.stencil \testnotes } \layout { indent = 0 \context { \Score \override NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-permission = ##f } } }
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Usare il gambo barrato degli abbellimenti con le teste normali
Il gambo barrato presente nelle acciaccature può essere applicato in altre situazioni.
\relative c'' { \override Flag.stroke-style = #"grace" c8( d2) e8( f4) }
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Usare le legature di valore con un arpeggio
Le legature di valore vengono usate talvolta per scrivere un arpeggio. In questo
caso, le due note da legare devono non essere consecutive. Per ottenere tale risultato
occorre impostare la proprietà tieWaitForNote
su #t
. Questa
funzionalità serve anche a legare un tremolo a un accordo e in generale
qualsiasi coppia di note consecutive.
\relative c' { \set tieWaitForNote = ##t \grace { c16[ ~ e ~ g] ~ } <c, e g>2 \repeat tremolo 8 { c32 ~ c' ~ } <c c,>1 e8 ~ c ~ a ~ f ~ <e' c a f>2 \tieUp c8 ~ a \tieDown \tieDotted g8 ~ c g2 }
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Expressive marks
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Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms
LilyPond syntax can involve many unusual placements for parentheses, brackets etc., which might sometimes have to be interleaved.
For example, when entering a manual beam, the left square bracket has to be placed after the starting note and its duration, not before. Similarly, the right square bracket should directly follow the note which is to be at the end of the requested beaming, even if this note happens to be inside a tuplet section.
This snippet demonstrates how to combine manual beaming, manual slurs, ties and phrasing slurs with tuplet sections (enclosed within curly braces).
{ r16[ g16 \tuplet 3/2 { r16 e'8] } g16( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d e') } g8[( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d') e'] ~ } \time 2/4 \tuplet 5/4 { e'32\( a b d' e' } a'4.\) }
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Adding parentheses around an expressive mark or chordal note
The \parenthesize
function is a special tweak that encloses
objects in parentheses. The associated grob is Parentheses
.
\relative c' { c2-\parenthesize -> \override Parentheses.padding = #0.1 \override Parentheses.font-size = #-4 <d \parenthesize f a>2 }
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Aggiungere i segni di tempo per i glissandi lunghi
I battiti saltati nei glissandi molto lunghi vengono talvolta segnalati con delle indicazioni di tempo, che consistono solitamente in dei gambi privi di teste di nota. Questi gambi possono essere usati anche per contenere segni di espressione intermedi.
Se i gambi non si allineano bene al glissando, può essere necessario riposizionarli leggermente.
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } glissandoSkipOff = { \revert NoteColumn.glissando-skip \undo \hide NoteHead \revert NoteHead.no-ledgers } \relative c'' { r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn f4 g a a8\noBeam \glissandoSkipOff a8 r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn g4 a8 \glissandoSkipOff a8 | r4 f\glissando \< \glissandoSkipOn a4\f \> \glissandoSkipOff b8\! r | }
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Cambiare la forma dei portamenti indeterminati verso il basso o verso l’alto
La proprietà shortest-duration-space
può essere modificata per cambiare
la forma dei portamenti indeterminati verso il basso o verso l’alto.
\relative c'' { \override Score.SpacingSpanner.shortest-duration-space = #4.0 c2-\bendAfter #5 c2-\bendAfter #-4.75 c2-\bendAfter #8.5 c2-\bendAfter #-6 }
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Allineare le estremità delle forcelle alle direzioni di NoteColumn
Le estremità delle forcelle possono essere allineate alle direzioni LEFT
,
CENTER
o RIGHT
dei grob NoteColumn
modificando la
proprietà endpoint-alignments
, che è costituita da una coppia di
numeri che rappresentano le estremità sinistra e destra della forcella.
endpoint-alignments
devono essere direzioni (-1, 0 o 1). Valori
diversi verranno trasformati emettendo un avviso. Non ha effetto quando
l’estremità destra di una forcella termina su una pausa; in questo caso termina
sempre sul margine sinistro della pausa.
{ c'2\< <c' d'>\! | \override Hairpin.endpoint-alignments = #'(1 . -1) c'2\< <c' d'>\! | \override Hairpin.endpoint-alignments = #`(,LEFT . ,CENTER) c'2\< <c' d'>\! | }
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Note brevi alternative
Le note brevi sono disponibili anche con due linee verticali su ciascun lato della testa invece di una sola e in stile barocco.
\relative c'' { \time 4/2 c\breve | \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'altdefault b\breve \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'baroque b\breve \revert Staff.NoteHead.style a\breve }
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Asymmetric slurs
Slurs can be made asymmetric to match an asymmetric pattern of notes better.
slurNotes = { d,8( a' d f a f' d, a) } \relative c' { \stemDown \slurUp \slurNotes \once \override Slur.eccentricity = #3.0 \slurNotes }
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Breathing signs
Breathing signs are available in different tastes: commas (default), ticks, vees and “railroad tracks” (caesura).
\new Staff \relative c'' { \key es \major \time 3/4 % this bar contains no \breathe << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 bes es } >> | % Modern notation: % by default, \breathe uses the rcomma, just as if saying: % \override BreathingSign.text = % #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rcomma") << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> | % rvarcomma and lvarcomma are variations of the default rcomma % and lcomma % N.B.: must use Staff context here, since we start a Voice below \override Staff.BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" } << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> | % raltcomma and laltcomma are alternative variations of the % default rcomma and lcomma \override Staff.BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.raltcomma" } << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> | % vee \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.upbow" } es8[ d es f g] \breathe f | % caesura \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" } es8[ d] \breathe es[ f g f] | es2 r4 \bar "||" }
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Broken Crescendo Hairpin
In order to make parts of a crescendo hairpin invisible, the following method is used: A white rectangle is drawn on top of the respective part of the crescendo hairpin, making it invisible. The rectangle is defined as postscript code within a text markup.
The markup command with-dimensions
tells LilyPond to consider
only the bottom edge of the rectangle when spacing it against the
hairpin. The property staff-padding
prevents the rectangle from
fitting between the hairpin and staff.
Make sure the hairpin is in a lower layer than the text markup to draw the rectangle over the hairpin.
\relative c' { << { \dynamicUp r2 r16 c'8.\pp r4 } \\ { \override DynamicLineSpanner.layer = #0 des,2\mf\< ~ \override TextScript.layer = #2 \once\override TextScript.staff-padding = #6 \once\override TextScript.vertical-skylines = #'() des16_\markup \with-dimensions #'(2 . 7) #'(0 . 0) \with-color #white \filled-box #'(2 . 7) #'(0 . 2) #0 r8. des4 ~ des16->\sff r8. } >> }
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Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata
A caesura is sometimes denoted by a double “railtracks” breath mark with a fermata sign positioned above. This snippet shows an optically pleasing combination of railtracks and fermata.
\relative c'' { c2. % construct the symbol \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \override #'(direction . 1) \override #'(baseline-skip . 1.8) \dir-column { \translate #'(0.155 . 0) \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.ufermata" } } \breathe c4 % set the breathe mark back to normal \revert BreathingSign.text c2. \breathe c4 \bar "|." }
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Center text below hairpin dynamics
This example provides a function to typeset a hairpin (de)crescendo with some additional text below it, such as “molto” or “poco”. The added text will change the direction according to the direction of the hairpin. The Hairpin is aligned to DynamicText.
The example also illustrates how to modify the way an object is normally printed, using some Scheme code.
\paper { tagline = ##f } hairpinWithCenteredText = #(define-music-function (text) (markup?) #{ \once \override Voice.Hairpin.after-line-breaking = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((stencil (ly:hairpin::print grob)) (par-y (ly:grob-parent grob Y)) (dir (ly:grob-property par-y 'direction)) (staff-line-thickness (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'line-thickness)) (new-stencil (ly:stencil-aligned-to (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:stencil-aligned-to stencil X CENTER) Y dir (ly:stencil-aligned-to (grob-interpret-markup grob (make-fontsize-markup (magnification->font-size (+ (ly:staff-symbol-staff-space grob) (/ staff-line-thickness 2))) text)) X CENTER)) X LEFT)) (staff-space (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'staff-space)) (par-x (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (dyn-text (grob::has-interface par-x 'dynamic-text-interface)) (dyn-text-stencil-x-length (if dyn-text (interval-length (ly:stencil-extent (ly:grob-property par-x 'stencil) X)) 0)) (x-shift (if dyn-text (- (+ staff-space dyn-text-stencil-x-length) (* 0.5 staff-line-thickness)) 0))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'Y-offset 0) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil (ly:stencil-translate-axis new-stencil x-shift X)))) #}) hairpinMolto = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \italic molto } hairpinMore = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \larger moltissimo } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { \hairpinMolto c2\< c\f \hairpinMore c2\ppppp\< c\f \break \hairpinMolto c2^\< c\f \hairpinMore c2\ppppp\< c\f }
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Nascondere la linea di estensione per le dinamiche testuali
Il testo usato per i crescendo e i decrescendo può essere cambiato
modificando le proprietà di contesto crescendoText
e
decrescendoText
.
Lo stile della linea dell’estensore può essere cambiato modificando la
proprietà 'style
di DynamicTextSpanner
. Il valore predefinito
è 'dashed-line
; gli altri valori possibili sono 'line
,
'dotted-line
e 'none
.
\relative c'' { \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic { cresc. poco } } \set crescendoSpanner = #'text \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'dotted-line a2\< a a2 a a2 a a2 a\mf }
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Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed
The appearance of slurs may be changed from solid to dotted or dashed.
\relative c' { c4( d e c) \slurDotted c4( d e c) \slurSolid c4( d e c) \slurDashed c4( d e c) \slurSolid c4( d e c) }
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Cambiare il simbolo del segno di respiro
Il glifo del respiro può essere modificato sovrascrivendo la proprietà
text
dell’oggetto di formattazione BreathingSign
con
qualsiasi testo incluso in un blocco markup.
\relative c'' { c2 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" } \breathe d2 }
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Modifica del numero di punti di aumentazione per nota
Il numero di punti di aumentazione su una singola nota può essere modificato in modo indipendente dai punti posizionati dopo la nota.
\relative c' { c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #4 c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #0 c4.. a16 r2 | \revert Dots.dot-count c4.. a16 r2 | }
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Combining dynamics with markup texts
Some dynamics may involve text indications (such as “più forte” or
“piano subito”). These can be produced using a \markup
block.
piuF = \markup { \italic più \dynamic f } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c2\f c-\piuF }
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Glissando contemporaneo
Un glissando contemporaneo senza una nota finale può essere creato usando una nota nascosta e un tempo di cadenza.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 \override Glissando.style = #'zigzag c4 c \cadenzaOn c4\glissando \hideNotes c,,4 \unHideNotes \cadenzaOff \bar "|" }
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Controlling spanner visibility after a line break
The visibility of spanners which end on the first note following a line
break is controlled by the after-line-breaking
callback
ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time
.
For objects such as glissandos and hairpins, the default behaviour is to hide the spanner after a break; disabling the callback will allow the left-broken span to be shown.
Conversely, spanners which are usually visible, such as text spans, can be hidden by enabling the callback.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c'' { \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f \override Glissando.breakable = ##t % show hairpin \override Hairpin.after-line-breaking = ##t % hide text span \override TextSpanner.after-line-breaking = #ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time e2\<\startTextSpan % show glissando \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t f2\glissando \break f,1\!\stopTextSpan }
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Controllo dell’ordine verticale degli script
L’ordine verticale degli script è determinato dalla proprietà
'script-priority
. Più il numero è piccolo, più sarà posto
vicino alla nota. In questo esempio, il simbolo di diesis (oggetto
TextScript
) ha prima la priorità più bassa, dunque è posto più
in basso nel primo esempio. Nel secondo, il trillo (oggetto Script
) ha
la priorità più bassa, quindi si trova all’interno. Quando due oggetti hanno
la stessa priorità, l’ordine in cui sono inseriti determina quale viene
prima.
\relative c''' { \once \override TextScript.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } \once \override Script.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } }
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Creare un gruppetto ritardato
Creare un gruppetto ritardato, dove la nota più bassa del gruppetto usa
l’alterazione, richiede vari \override. La proprietà
outside-staff-priority
deve essere impostata su #f
, perché
altrimenti questa avrebbe la precedenza sulla proprietà avoid-slur
.
Cambiando la frazione 2/3
si aggiusta la posizione orizzontale.
\relative c'' { \after 2*2/3 \turn c2( d4) r | \after 4 \turn c4.( d8) \after 4 { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.avoid-slur = #'inside \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.font-size = -3 \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.script-priority = -1 \once \hideNotes cis8\turn \noBeam } d4.( e8) }
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Creare degli arpeggi che attraversano note appartenenti a voci diverse
Si può disegnare un arpeggio che attraversa delle note in voci diverse
dello stesso rigo se si aggiunge l’incisore Span_arpeggio_engraver
nel
contesto Staff
:
\new Staff \with { \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" } \relative c' { \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t << { <e' g>4\arpeggio <d f> <d f>2 } \\ { <d, f>2\arpeggio <g b>2 } >> }
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Creare degli arpeggi che attraversano il rigo del pianoforte
In un rigo per pianoforte (PianoStaff
), è possibile far sì che un
arpeggio attraversi i righi impostando la proprietà PianoStaff.connectArpeggios
.
\new PianoStaff \relative c'' << \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t \new Staff { <c e g c>4\arpeggio <g c e g>4\arpeggio <e g c e>4\arpeggio <c e g c>4\arpeggio } \new Staff { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 { <c,, e g c>4\arpeggio } } >>
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Creare degli arpeggi che attraversano i righi in altri contesti
Si possono creare arpeggi che attraversano i righi in contesti diversi da
GrandStaff
, PianoStaff
e StaffGroup
se l’incisore
Span_arpeggio_engraver
è incluso nel contesto Score
.
\score { \new ChoirStaff { \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t << \new Voice \relative c' { <c e>2\arpeggio <d f>2\arpeggio <c e>1\arpeggio } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass <c g'>2\arpeggio <b g'>2\arpeggio <c g'>1\arpeggio } >> } \layout { \context { \Score \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" } } }
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Creating double-digit fingerings
Creating fingerings larger than 5 is possible.
\relative c' { c1-10 c1-50 c1-36 c1-29 }
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Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics
Although the easiest way to add parentheses to a dynamic mark is to use
a \markup
block, this method has a downside: the created
objects will behave like text markups, and not like dynamics.
However, it is possible to create a similar object using the equivalent
Scheme code (as described in the Notation Reference), combined with the
make-dynamic-script
function. This way, the markup will be
regarded as a dynamic, and therefore will remain compatible with
commands such as \dynamicUp
or \dynamicDown
.
paren = #(define-event-function (dyn) (ly:event?) (make-dynamic-script #{ \markup \concat { \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 ( \pad-x #0.2 #(ly:music-property dyn 'text) \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 ) } #})) \relative c'' { c4\paren\f c c \dynamicUp c\paren\p }
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Creating slurs across voices
In some situations, it may be necessary to create slurs between notes
from different voices. The solution is to add invisible notes to one of
the voices, using \hideNotes
.
This example is measure 235 of the Ciaconna from Bach’s 2nd Partita for solo violin, BWV 1004.
\relative c' { << { d16( a') s a s a[ s a] s a[ s a] } \\ { \slurUp bes,16[ s e]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes f[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes fis]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes g[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes gis]( \hideNotes a) } >> }
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Creating text spanners
The \startTextSpan
and \stopTextSpan
commands allow the
creation of text spanners as easily as pedal indications or
octavations. Override some properties of the TextSpanner
object
to modify its output.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"bla" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"blu" a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . -2) } \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-2 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-13 \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #10 \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.5 \override TextSpanner.thickness = #10 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan }
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Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
Funzioni postfix per estensori testuali personalizzati del crescendo. Gli
estensori devono iniziare sulla prima nota della misura; e bisogna usare
-\mycresc
, altrimenti l’inizio dell’estensore viene assegnato alla
nota successiva.
% Two functions for (de)crescendo spanners where you can explicitly % give the spanner text. mycresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) mydecresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'DecrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) \relative c' { c4-\mycresc "custom cresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4 c4 c4 | c4-\mydecresc "custom decresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4\! c4 c4 }
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Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
Si possono definire estensori testuali personalizzati che fanno uso delle
forcine e dei crescendo testuali. \<
e \>
generano le
forcine, \cresc
etc. generano gli estensori testuali.
% Some sample text dynamic spanners, to be used as postfix operators crpoco = #(make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text "cresc. poco a poco") \relative c' { c4\cresc d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\crpoco c4 | c4 d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\< c4 | g4\dim a4 b4\decresc c4\! }
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Glissandi can skip grobs
NoteColumn
grobs can be skipped over by glissandi.
\relative c' { a2 \glissando \once \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t f''4 d, }
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Hairpins with different line styles
Hairpins can take any style from line-interface
- dashed-line,
dotted-line, line, trill or zigzag.
\relative c' { c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'dashed-line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'dotted-line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'trill c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'zigzag c2\< c\! \revert Hairpin.style c2\< c\! }
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Nascondere la linea di estensione per le dinamiche testuali
I cambi di dinamica in stile testuale (come cresc. e dim.) appaiono con una linea tratteggiata che mostra la loro estensione. Questa linea può essere soppressa nel modo seguente:
\relative c'' { \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'none \crescTextCresc c1\< | d | b | c\! }
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Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")
Some dynamic expressions involve additional text, like “sempre pp”. Since dynamics are usually centered under the note, the \pp would be displayed way after the note it applies to.
To correctly align the “sempre pp” horizontally so that it is aligned as if it were only the \pp, there are several approaches:
-
Simply use
\once\override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2
before the note with the dynamics to manually shift it to the correct position. Drawback: This has to be done manually each time you use that dynamic markup... -
Add some padding (
#:hspace 7.1
) into the definition of your custom dynamic mark so that after LilyPond center-aligns it, it is already correctly aligned. Drawback: The padding really takes up that space and does not allow any other markup or dynamics to be shown in that position. -
Shift the dynamic script
\once\override ... .X-offset = ...
. Drawback:\once\override
is needed for every invocation! -
Set the dimensions of the additional text to 0 (using
#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0)
). Drawback: For LilyPond, “sempre” has no extent now. This means it might put other stuff there, causing collisions (which are not detected by LilyPond’s collision detection algorithm!). There also seems to be some spacing, so it is not exactly the same alignment as without the additional text. - Add an explicit shift directly inside the scheme function for the dynamic script.
-
Set an explicit alignment inside the dynamic script. By default, this
won’t have any effect, only if one sets
X-offset
! Drawback: One needs to setDynamicText.X-offset
, which will apply to all dynamic texts! Also, it is aligned at the right edge of the additional text, not at the center of \pp.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f indent = 2.5\cm } % Solution 1: Using a simple markup with a particular halign value % Drawback: It's a markup, not a dynamic command, so \dynamicDown % etc. will have no effect semppMarkup = \markup { \halign #1.4 \italic "sempre" \dynamic "pp" } % Solution 2: Using a dynamic script & shifting with % \once \override ...X-offset = .. % Drawback: \once \override needed for every invocation semppK = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 3: Padding the dynamic script so the center-alignment % puts it at the correct position % Drawback: the padding really reserves the space, nothing else can be there semppT = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp" #:hspace 7.1))) % Solution 4: Dynamic, setting the dimensions of the additional text to 0 % Drawback: To lilypond "sempre" has no extent, so it might put % other stuff there => collisions % Drawback: Also, there seems to be some spacing, so it's not exactly the % same alignment as without the additional text semppM = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0) #:right-align #:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 5: Dynamic with explicit shifting inside the scheme function semppG = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:hspace 0 #:translate '(-18.85 . 0) #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 6: Dynamic with explicit alignment. This has only effect % if one sets X-offset! % Drawback: One needs to set DynamicText.X-offset! % Drawback: Aligned at the right edge of the additional text, % not at the center of pp semppMII = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:right-align #:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) \new StaffGroup << \new Staff = "s" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\pp c\p c c | c\ff c c\pp c } >> \new Staff = "sMarkup" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal markup } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4-\semppMarkup c\p c c | c\ff c c-\semppMarkup c } >> \new Staff = "sK" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Explicit shifting } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2 c4\semppK c\p c c c4\ff c \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2 c4\semppK c } >> \new Staff = "sT" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Right padding } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppT c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppT c } >> \new Staff = "sM" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Set dimension "to zero" } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppM c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppM c } >> \new Staff = "sG" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Shift inside dynamics} } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppG c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppG c } >> \new Staff = "sMII" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Alignment inside dynamics } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major % Setting to ##f (false) gives the same result \override DynamicText.X-offset = #0 c4\semppMII c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppMII c } >> >> \layout { \override Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT }
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Inserire una cesura
I segni di cesura possono essere creati sovrascrivendo la proprietà 'text
dell’oggetto BreathingSign
. È disponibile anche un segno di cesura
curvo.
\relative c'' { \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.straight" } c8 e4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" } g8 e'4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 }
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Laissez vibrer ties
Laissez vibrer ties have a fixed size. Their formatting can be tuned
using 'tie-configuration
.
\relative c' { <c e g>4\laissezVibrer r <c f g>\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4.\laissezVibrer r8 <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r \override LaissezVibrerTieColumn.tie-configuration = #`((-7 . ,DOWN) (-5 . ,DOWN) (-3 . ,UP) (-1 . ,UP)) <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r }
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Line arrows
Arrows can be applied to text-spanners and line-spanners (such as the Glissando).
\relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-padding = #1.0 \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"fof" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"gag" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #0.6 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override Glissando.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t \override Glissando.arrow-length = #0.5 \override Glissando.arrow-width = #0.25 a8\startTextSpan gis a4 b\glissando b, g'4 c\stopTextSpan c2 }
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Legature di portamento con complesse strutture di tratteggio
Le legature di portamento possono avere schemi di tratteggio complessi
definendo la proprietà dash-definition
. dash-definition
è
una lista di dash-elements
. Un dash-element
è una lista
di parametri che definiscono il comportamento del tratteggio per un
segmento della legatura.
La legatura di portamento è definita come il parametro t della curva di
bezier che va da 0 sul margine sinistro della legatura fino a 1 su quello
destro. dash-element
è una lista di (inizio-t fine-t frazione-trattino
punto-trattino)
. La regione della legatura di portamento che va da inizio-t
a
fine-t
avrà una frazione frazione-trattino
di ogni
punto-trattino
nero. punto-trattino
viene definito in spazi
rigo. frazione-trattino
è impostato su 1 per una legatura di portamento
continua.
\relative c' { \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.3 0.1 0.75) (0.3 0.6 1 1) (0.65 1.0 0.4 0.75)) c4( d e f) \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.25 1 1) (0.3 0.7 0.4 0.75) (0.75 1.0 1 1)) c4( d e f) }
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Modificare i valori predefiniti per le abbreviazioni delle articolazioni
Le abbreviazioni sono definite in ‘ly/script-init.ly’, dove sono
assegnati valori predefiniti alle variabili dashHat
, dashPlus
,
dashDash
, dashBang
, dashLarger
, dashDot
e
dashUnderscore
. Questi valori predefiniti possono essere
modificati. Ad esempio, per associare l’abbreviazione -+
(dashPlus
)
al simbolo del trillo invece che al simbolo + predefinito, si assegna il
valore trill
alla variabile dashPlus
:
\relative c'' { c1-+ } dashPlus = \trill \relative c'' { c1-+ }
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Moving slur positions vertically
The vertical position of a slur can be adjusted using the
positions
property of Slur
. The property has 2
parameters, the first referring to the left end of the slur and the
second to the right. The values of the parameters are not used by
LilyPond to make an exact movement of the slur - instead it selects
what placement of the slur looks best, taking into account the
parameter values. Positive values move the slur up, and are
appropriate for notes with stems down. Negative values move downward
slurs further down.
\relative c' { \stemDown e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(1 . 1) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(2 . 2) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(3 . 3) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(4 . 4) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 5) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(0 . 5) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 0) e4( a) \stemUp \override Slur.positions = #'(-5 . -5) e4( a) \stemDown \revert Slur.positions e4( a) }
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Spostare le estremità delle forcelle
Le estremità delle forcelle possono essere spostate in modo relativo alla
loro posizione predefinita (offset) impostando la proprietà shorten-pair
dell’oggetto Hairpin
. Valori positivi spostano le estremità a
destra, valori negativi le spostano a sinistra. Diversamente dalla
proprietà minimum-length
, questa proprietà modifica solo l’aspetto
della forcella; non cambia la spaziatura orizzontale (inclusa la posizione
delle dinamiche confinanti). Questo metodo è quindi utile per ritoccare
una forcella entro lo spazio ad essa allocato.
{ c'1~\< c'2~ c'\! \once \override Hairpin.shorten-pair = #'(2 . 2) c'1~\< c'2~ c'\! \once \override Hairpin.shorten-pair = #'(-2 . -2) c'1~\< c'2~ c'\! c'1~\p-\tweak shorten-pair #'(2 . 0)\< c'2~ c'\ffff }
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Positioning arpeggios
If you need to extend or shorten an arpeggio, you can modify the upper and lower start positions independently.
\relative c' { <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 0) <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(0 . 5) <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 5) <c e g b>1\arpeggio }
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Posizionare il testo a margine dentro le legature di portamento
I testi a margine devono avere la proprietà outside-staff-priority
impostata su false per poter apparire dentro le legature di portamento.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c2(^\markup { \halign #-10 \natural } d4.) c8 }
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Stampare le forcelle in vari stili
Il segno di dinamica della forcella può avere diversi stili
\relative c'' { \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin a4\< a a a\f a4\p\< a a a\ff a4\sfz\< a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin a4\< a a a\f a4\p\< a a a\ff a4\sfz\< a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin a4\> a a a\f a4\p\> a a a\ff a4\sfz\> a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin a4\> a a a\f a4\p\> a a a\ff a4\sfz\> a a a\! }
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Forcelle con notazione al niente
Le forcelle di dinamica possono essere rappresentate con ua punta
tonda (notazione “al niente”) impostando la proprietà circled-tip
dell’oggetto Hairpin
su #t
.
\relative c'' { \override Hairpin.circled-tip = ##t c2\< c\! c4\> c\< c2\! }
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Posizionare il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata sotto il rigo
Di norma, il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata vengono posizionati sopra il
rigo. Per metterli sotto il rigo basta impostare correttamente la proprietà
direction
di MetronomeMark
o RehearsalMark
.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f } { % Metronome marks below the staff \override Score.MetronomeMark.direction = #DOWN \tempo 8. = 120 c''1 % Rehearsal marks below the staff \override Score.RehearsalMark.direction = #DOWN \mark \default c''1 }
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Impostare il comportamento delle forcelle sulle stanghette
Se la nota che termina una forcella si trova sul primo battito di una
battuta, la forcella si ferma prima della stanghetta che precede la
nota. Si può controllare questo comportamento modificando la
proprietà 'to-barline
.
\relative c'' { e4\< e2. e1\! \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f e4\< e2. e1\! }
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Impostare la lunghezza minima delle forcelle
Se le forcelle sono troppo corte, possono essere allungate modificando
la proprietà minimum-length
dell’oggetto Hairpin
.
<< { \after 4 \< \after 2 \> \after 2. \! f'1 \override Hairpin.minimum-length = #8 \after 4 \< \after 2 \> \after 2. \! f'1 } { \repeat unfold 8 c'4 } >>
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Showing the same articulation above and below a note or chord
By default, LilyPond does not allow the same articulation (e.g., an
accent, a fermata, a flageolet, etc.) to be displayed above and below a
note. For example, c4_\fermata^\fermata
only shows a fermata
below. The fermata above gets simply ignored.
However, one can stick scripts (just like fingerings) inside a chord,
which means it is possible to have as many articulations as desired.
This approach has the advantage that it ignores the stem and positions
the articulation relative to the note head. This can be seen in the
case of the flageolets in the snippet. To mimic the behaviour of
scripts outside a chord, 'add-stem-support
would be required.
The solution is thus to write the note as a chord and add the
articulations inside of <...>
, using the direction modifiers
^
and _
as appropriate.
\relative c' { <>^"Wrong" c2_\fermata^\fermata % The second fermata is ignored! <e d'>2^\flageolet_\flageolet \stopStaff s1 \startStaff <>^"Works if written inside a chord" <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2 <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2 <e_\flageolet^\flageolet>2 <e_\fermata^\fermata>2 }
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Snap-pizzicato or Bartok pizzicato
A snap-pizzicato (also known as “Bartok pizzicato”) is a “strong pizzicato where the string is plucked vertically by snapping and rebounds off the fingerboard of the instrument” (Wikipedia). It is denoted by a circle with a vertical line going from the center upwards outside the circle.
\relative c' { c4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato }
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Usare un segno di spunta come simbolo di respiro
La musica vocale e per fiati usa frequentemente il segno di spunta come segno di respiro. Questo indica un respiro che sottrae un po’ di tempo alla nota precedente invece di prendere una piccola pausa, indicata dal segno di respiro rappresentato dalla virgola. Il segno può essere spostato un po’ su per allontanarlo dal rigo.
\relative c'' { c2 \breathe d2 \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #2.6 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.tickmark" } c2 \breathe d2 }
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Usare arpeggioBracket per rendere i divisi più visibili
Si può usare arpeggioBracket
per indicare la divisione delle
voci quando non ci sono gambi che forniscano questa informazione. Questo
caso è frequente nella musica corale.
\include "english.ly" \score { \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 2/2 << \new Voice = "upper" << { \voiceOne \arpeggioBracket a2( b2 <b d>1\arpeggio) <cs e>\arpeggio ~ <cs e>4 } \addlyrics { \lyricmode { A -- men. } } >> \new Voice = "lower" { \voiceTwo a1 ~ a a ~ a4 \bar "|." } >> } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } }
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Uso delle doppie legature di portamento per gli accordi legati
Alcuni compositori scrivono due legature di portamento per indicare gli
accordi legati. Si può ottenere questo risultato impostando doubleSlurs
.
\relative c' { \set doubleSlurs = ##t <c e>4( <d f> <c e> <d f>) }
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Uso della proprietà whiteout
Qualsiasi oggetto grafico può essere posizionato sopra uno sfondo
bianco per mascherare parti degli oggetti che si trovano sotto.
Ciò può essere utile per migliorare l’aspetto delle collisioni in
situazioni complesse in cui il riposizionamento degli oggetti è
troppo difficile. Bisogna impostare esplicitamente la proprietà
layer
(livello) per controllare quali oggetti debbano essere
mascherati dallo sfondo bianco.
In questo esempio la collisione della legatura di valore con l’indicazione
di tempo viene migliorata mascherando la parte della legatura che incrocia
l’indicazione di tempo impostando la proprietà whiteout
di
TimeSignature
. Per farlo si sposta TimeSignature
su un
livello superiore a Tie
, che viene lasciato al livello predefinito 1;
e StaffSymbol
viene spostato su un livello superiore a TimeSignature
in modo che non venga mascherato.
{ \override Score.StaffSymbol.layer = #4 \override Staff.TimeSignature.layer = #3 b'2 b'~ \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.whiteout = ##t \time 3/4 b' r4 }
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Vertical line as a baroque articulation mark
This short vertical line placed above the note is commonly used in baroque music. Its meaning can vary, but generally indicates notes that should be played with more “weight”. The following example demonstrates how to achieve such a notation.
upline = \tweak stencil #(lambda (grob) (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup \draw-line #'(0 . 1) #})) \stopped \relative c' { a'4^\upline a( c d')_\upline }
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Vertically aligning dynamics across multiple notes
Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be
vertically aligned. To ensure that dynamics are aligned when they do
not occur on the same note, increase the staff-padding
property
of the DynamicLineSpanner
object.
\relative c' { \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4 c2\p f\mf g2\< b4\> c\! }
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Repeats
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Aggiungere le parentesi delle volte a altri righi
L’incisore Volta_engraver
risiede nel contesto Score
, quindi
le parentesi delle ripetizioni appaiono di norma soltanto sul rigo superiore.
Questo comportamento può essere modificato aggiungendo l’incisore
Volta_engraver
al contesto Staff
in cui si desidera
far apparire le parentesi; si veda anche il frammento “Volta multirigo”.
<< \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { c'2 g' e' a' } \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >>
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Centered measure numbers
Scores of large ensemble works often have bar numbers placed beneath
the system, centered horizontally on the measure’s extent. This
snippet shows how the Measure_counter_engraver
may be used to
simulate this notational practice. Here, the engraver has been added
to a Dynamics
context.
This snippet presents a legacy method: starting from LilyPond 2.23.3,
\set Score.centerBarNumbers = ##t
is enough.
\layout { \context { \Dynamics \consists #Measure_counter_engraver \override MeasureCounter.direction = #DOWN \override MeasureCounter.font-encoding = #'latin1 \override MeasureCounter.font-shape = #'italic % to control the distance of the Dynamics context from the staff: \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = #2 } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } pattern = \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \pattern } \new Staff { \pattern } \new Dynamics { \startMeasureCount s1*7 \stopMeasureCount } >>
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Changing the default bar lines
Default bar lines can be changed when re-defined in a score context.
% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=964 %%=> http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2014-03/msg00126.html %%=> http://lilypond.1069038.n5.nabble.com/Changing-the-default-end-repeat-bracket-tc169357.html \layout { \context { \Score %% Changing the defaults from engraver-init.ly measureBarType = #"!" startRepeatBarType = #"[|:" endRepeatBarType = #":|]" doubleRepeatBarType = #":|][|:" } } %% example: { c'1 \repeat volta 2 { \repeat unfold 2 c' } \repeat volta 2 { \repeat unfold 2 c' } \alternative { { c' } { %% v2.18 workaround \once\override Score.VoltaBracket.shorten-pair = #'(1 . -1) c' } } \bar "|." }
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Tremoli attraverso i righi
Dato che \repeat tremolo
si aspetta esattamente due argomenti musicali per
i tremoli di accordi, la nota o l’accordo che cambiano rigo in un tremolo che
attraversa i righi devono essere posti tra parentesi graffe insieme al
comando \change Staff
.
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 3/8 s4. } \new Staff = "down" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 3/8 \voiceOne \repeat tremolo 6 { <a e'>32 { \change Staff = "up" \voiceTwo <cis a' dis>32 } } } >>
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Engraving tremolos with floating beams
If a tremolo’s total duration is less than a quarter-note, or exactly a
half-note, or between a half-note and a whole-note, it is normally
typeset with all beams touching the stems. Certain engraving styles
typeset some of these beams as centered floating beams that do not
touch the stems. The number of floating beams in this type of tremolo
is controlled with the 'gap-count
property of the Beam
object, and the size of the gaps between beams and stems is set with
the 'gap
property.
\relative c'' { \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #1 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #2 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #3 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap-count = #3 \override Beam.gap = #1.33 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap = #1 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap = #0.67 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } \override Beam.gap = #0.33 \repeat tremolo 8 { a32 f } }
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Ripetizioni con segni di percentuale isolati
Si possono stampare anche segni di percentuale isolati.
makePercent = #(define-music-function (note) (ly:music?) "Make a percent repeat the same length as NOTE." (make-music 'PercentEvent 'length (ly:music-length note))) \relative c'' { \makePercent s1 }
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Measure counter
This snippet provides a workaround for emitting measure counters using transparent percent repeats.
<< \context Voice = "foo" { \clef bass c4 r g r c4 r g r c4 r g r c4 r g r } \context Voice = "foo" { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \hide PercentRepeat \override PercentRepeatCounter.staff-padding = #1 \repeat percent 4 { s1 } } >>
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Numbering groups of measures
This snippet demonstrates the use of the
Measure_counter_engraver
to number groups of successive
measures. Any stretch of measures may be numbered, whether consisting
of repetitions or not.
The engraver must be added to the appropriate context. Here, a
Staff
context is used; another possibility is a Dynamics
context.
The counter is begun with \startMeasureCount
and ended with
\stopMeasureCount
. Numbering will start by default with
1
, but this behavior may be modified by overriding the
count-from
property.
When a measure extends across a line break, the number will appear twice, the second time in parentheses.
\layout { \context { \Staff \consists #Measure_counter_engraver } } \new Staff { \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \stopMeasureCount \bar "||" g'4 f' e' d' \override Staff.MeasureCounter.count-from = #2 \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 5 { g'4 f' e' d' } g'4 f' \bar "" \break e'4 d' \repeat unfold 7 { g'4 f' e' d' } \stopMeasureCount }
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Visibilità del conto della ripetizione con segno percentuale
I contatori della ripetizione con segno percentuale possono essere mostrati a
intervalli regolari impostando la proprietà di contesto repeatCountVisibility
.
\relative c'' { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \set repeatCountVisibility = #(every-nth-repeat-count-visible 5) \repeat percent 10 { c1 } \break \set repeatCountVisibility = #(every-nth-repeat-count-visible 2) \repeat percent 6 { c1 d1 } }
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Contatore della ripetizione con segno percentuale
Le ripetizioni di misura che hanno più di due ripetizioni possono avere un contatore se si cambia la proprietà opportuna, come mostra questo esempio:
\relative c'' { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \repeat percent 4 { c1 } }
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Positioning segno and coda (with line break)
If you want to place an exiting segno sign and add text like “D.S. al Coda” next to it where usually the staff lines are you can use this snippet. The coda will resume in a new line. There is a variation documented in this snippet, where the coda will remain on the same line.
{ \relative c'' { c4 c c c c c c c c c c c \repeat segno 2 { c4 c c c c c c c \alternative { \volta 1 { c4 c c c c c c c c c c c % If you don't use \break at Coda, use \noBreak here % and after \bar "" below. \noBreak \section % double bar line \cadenzaOn % pause bar count \stopStaff % remove staff lines % Increasing the unfold counter will expand the staff-free space \repeat unfold 6 { s1 \bar "" } % Place JumpScript where the staff would normally be. \once \override Score.JumpScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override Score.JumpScript.Y-offset = 0 \startStaff % resume bar count \cadenzaOff % show staff lines again } } } \sectionLabel "Coda" % Show Coda on a new line \break \repeat unfold 8 { c4 c c c } \fine } }
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Impostare la doppia ripetizione predefinita per le volte
Esistono tre diversi stili di doppie ripetizioni per le volte, che si
possono impostare con doubleRepeatBarType
.
\relative c'' { \repeat volta 2 { c1 } \set Score.doubleRepeatBarType = #":..:" \repeat volta 2 { c1 } \set Score.doubleRepeatBarType = #":|.|:" \repeat volta 2 { c1 } \set Score.doubleRepeatBarType = #":|.:" \repeat volta 2 { c1 } }
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Accorciare le parentesi delle volte
Per impostazione predefinita, le parentesi delle volte si estendono per
tutta l’alternativa, ma si possono accorciare impostando
voltaSpannerDuration
. Nell’esempio seguente, la parentesi dura
una misura, che ha una durata di 3/4.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 c4 c c \set Score.voltaSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3/4) \repeat volta 5 { d4 d d } \alternative { { e4 e e f4 f f } { g4 g g } } }
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Volta sotto gli accordi
Aggiungendo l’incisore Volta_engraver
al rigo, è possibile
inserire le volte sotto gli accordi.
\score { << \chords { c1 c1 } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Volta_engraver" } } }
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Volta multi staff
By adding the Volta_engraver
to the relevant staff, volte can be
put over staves other than the topmost one in a score.
voltaMusic = \relative c'' { \repeat volta 2 { c1 } \alternative { d1 e1 } } << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \voltaMusic \new Staff \voltaMusic >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } \voltaMusic \new Staff \voltaMusic >> >>
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Volta text markup using repeatCommands
Though volte are best specified using \repeat volta
, the
context property repeatCommands
must be used in cases where the
volta text needs more advanced formatting with \markup
.
Since repeatCommands
takes a list, the simplest method of
including markup is to use an identifier for the text and embed it in
the command list using the Scheme syntax
#(list (list 'volta textIdentifier))
. Start- and end-repeat
commands can be added as separate list elements:
voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } } \relative c'' { c1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list (list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat) c4 b d e \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat) f1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) }
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Simultaneous notes
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Voci ulteriori per evitare le collisioni
In alcuni casi di musica polifonica complessa sono necessarie delle voci
ulteriori per evitare le collisioni tra note. Se servono più di
quattro voci parallele, si possono aggiungere altre voci definendo
una variabile con la funzione Scheme function context-spec-music
.
voiceFive = #(context-spec-music (make-voice-props-set 4) 'Voice) \relative c'' { \time 3/4 \key d \minor \partial 2 << \new Voice { \voiceOne a4. a8 e'4 e4. e8 f4 d4. c8 } \new Voice { \voiceTwo d,2 d4 cis2 d4 bes2 } \new Voice { \voiceThree f'2 bes4 a2 a4 s2 } \new Voice { \voiceFive s2 g4 g2 f4 f2 } >> }
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Changing a single note’s size in a chord
Individual note heads in a chord can be modified with the
\tweak
command inside a chord, by altering the font-size
property.
Inside the chord (within the brackets < >
), before the note to
be altered, place the \tweak
command, followed by
font-size
and define the proper size like #-2
(a tiny
note head).
\relative c' { <\tweak font-size #+2 c e g c \tweak font-size #-2 e>1 ^\markup { A tiny e }_\markup { A big c } }
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Modificare le indicazioni testuali di partCombine
Quando si usa la funzionalità di combinazione automatica delle parti, si può modificare il testo delle sezioni soliste e dell’unisono:
\new Staff << \set Staff.soloText = #"girl" \set Staff.soloIIText = #"boy" \set Staff.aDueText = #"together" \partCombine \relative c'' { g4 g r r a2 g } \relative c'' { r4 r a( b) a2 g } >>
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Clusters
Clusters are a device to denote that a complete range of notes is to be played.
fragment = \relative c' { c4 f <e d'>4 <g a>8 <e a> a4 c2 <d b>4 e2 c } << \new Staff \fragment \new Staff \makeClusters \fragment >>
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Combinare due parti sullo stesso rigo
Lo strumento di unione delle parti (il comando \partCombine
) permette
di combinare varie parti sullo stesso rigo. Indicazioni testuali come
“solo” e “a2” sono aggiunte automaticamente; per toglierele basta
impostare la proprietà printPartCombineTexts
su f
.
Per le partiture vocali (inni), non c’è bisogno di aggiungere i testi
“solo/a2”, quindi dovrebbero essere disattivati. Tuttavia potrebbe
convenire non usarlo se c’è una qualche parte solista, perché non
verrebbe indicata. In tali casi è preferibile usare la notazione
polifonica normale.
Questo frammento illustra i tre modi con cui due parti possono essere stampate
su uno stesso rigo: normale polifonia, \partCombine
senza testo e
\partCombine
con testo.
%% Combining pedal notes with clef changes musicUp = \relative c'' { \time 4/4 a4 c4.( g8) a4 | g4 e' g,( a8 b) | c b a2. } musicDown = \relative c'' { g4 e4.( d8) c4 | r2 g'4( f8 e) | d2 \stemDown a } \score { << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Standard polyphony" } << \musicUp \\ \musicDown >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "PartCombine without text" printPartCombineTexts = ##f } \partCombine \musicUp \musicDown \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "PartCombine with text" } \partCombine \musicUp \musicDown >> \layout { indent = 6.0\cm \context { \Score \override SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #30 } } }
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Displaying complex chords
Here is a way to display a chord where the same note is played twice with different accidentals.
fixA = { \once \override Stem.length = #11 } fixB = { \once \override NoteHead.X-offset = #1.7 \once \override Stem.length = #7 \once \override Stem.rotation = #'(45 0 0) \once \override Stem.extra-offset = #'(-0.1 . -0.2) \once \override Flag.style = #'no-flag \once \override Accidental.extra-offset = #'(4 . -.1) } \relative c' { << { \fixA <b d!>8 } \\ { \voiceThree \fixB dis } >> s }
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Forzare lo spostamento orizzonatale delle note
Quando il motore tipografico non riesce a risolvere una situazione, si può usare la sintassi che sovrascrive le decisioni tipografiche. L’unità di misura usata è lo spazio del rigo.
\relative c' << { <d g>2 <d g> } \\ { <b f'>2 \once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = #1.7 <b f'>2 } >>
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Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
Setting the transparent
property will cause an object to be
printed in “invisible ink”: the object is not printed, but all its
other behavior is retained. The object still takes up space, it takes
part in collisions, and slurs, ties and beams can be attached to it.
This snippet demonstrates how to connect different voices using ties. Normally, ties only connect two notes in the same voice. By introducing a tie in a different voice, and blanking the first up-stem in that voice, the tie appears to cross voices.
\relative { \time 2/4 << { \once \hide Stem \once \override Stem.length = #8 b'8 ~ 8\noBeam \once \hide Stem \once \override Stem.length = #8 g8 ~ 8\noBeam } \\ { b8 g g e } >> }
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Spostare le note puntate in polifonia
Quando una nota puntata della voce più alta viene spostata per evitare una
collisione con una nota di un’altra voce, il comportamento predefinito è
spostare la nota più alta a destra. Tale comportamento può essere
modificato tramite la proprietà prefer-dotted-right
di
NoteCollision
.
\new Staff \relative c' << { f2. f4 \override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##f f2. f4 \override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##t f2. f4 } \\ { e4 e e e e e e e e e e e } >>
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Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns
If notes from two voices with stems in the same direction are placed at
the same position, and both voices have no shift or the same shift
specified, the error message ‘warning: ignoring too many clashing
note columns’ will appear when compiling the LilyPond file. This
message can be suppressed by setting the 'ignore-collision
property of the NoteColumn
object to #t
. Please note that
this does not just suppress warnings but stops LilyPond trying to
resolve collisions at all and so may have unintended results unless
used with care.
ignore = \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t \relative c' { \new Staff << \new Voice { \ignore \stemDown f2 g } \new Voice { c2 \stemDown c, } >> }
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Two \partCombine pairs on one staff
The \partCombine
function takes two music expressions each
containing a part, and distributes them among four Voice
s named
“two”, “one”, “solo”, and “chords” depending on when and how
the parts are merged into a common voice. The voices output from
\partCombine
can have their layout properties adjusted in the
usual way. Here we define extensions of \partCombine
to make
it easier to put four voices on a staff.
soprano = { d'4 | cis' b e' d'8 cis' | cis'2 b } alto = { fis4 | e8 fis gis ais b4 b | b ais fis2 } tenor = { a8 b | cis' dis' e'4 b8 cis' d'4 | gis cis' dis'2 } bass = { fis8 gis | a4 gis g fis | eis fis b,2 } \new Staff << \key b\minor \clef alto \partial 4 \transpose b b' \partCombineUp \soprano \alto \partCombineDown \tenor \bass >>
\layout { \context { \Staff \accepts "VoiceBox" } \context { \name "VoiceBox" \type "Engraver_group" \defaultchild "Voice" \accepts "Voice" \accepts "NullVoice" } } customPartCombineUp = #(define-music-function (partOne partTwo) (ly:music? ly:music?) "Take the music in @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} and return a @code{VoiceBox} named @q{Up} containing @code{Voice}s that contain @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} merged into one voice where feasible. This variant sets the default voicing in the output to use upward stems." #{ \new VoiceBox = "Up" << \context Voice = "one" { \voiceOne } \context Voice = "two" { \voiceThree } \context Voice = "shared" { \voiceOne } \context Voice = "solo" { \voiceOne } \context NullVoice = "null" {} \partCombine #partOne #partTwo >> #}) customPartCombineDown = # (define-music-function (partOne partTwo) (ly:music? ly:music?) "Take the music in @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} and return a @code{VoiceBox} named @q{Down} containing @code{Voice}s that contain @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} merged into one voice where feasible. This variant sets the default voicing in the output to use downward stems." #{ \new VoiceBox = "Down" << \set VoiceBox.soloText = #"Solo III" \set VoiceBox.soloIIText = #"Solo IV" \context Voice ="one" { \voiceFour } \context Voice ="two" { \voiceTwo } \context Voice ="shared" { \voiceFour } \context Voice ="solo" { \voiceFour } \context NullVoice = "null" {} \partCombine #partOne #partTwo >> #}) soprano = { d'4 | cis' b e' d'8 cis' | cis'2 b } alto = { fis4 | e8 fis gis ais b4 b | b ais fis2 } tenor = { a8 b | cis' dis' e'4 b8 cis' d'4 | gis cis' dis'2 } bass = { fis8 gis | a4 gis g fis | eis fis b,2 } \new Staff << \key b\minor \clef alto \partial 4 \transpose b b' \customPartCombineUp \soprano \alto \customPartCombineDown \tenor \bass >>
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Staff notation
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Un ambitus per voce
L’ambitus può essere specificato per voce. In tal caso occorre spostarlo manualmente per evitare collisioni.
\new Staff << \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c'' { \override Ambitus.X-offset = #2.0 \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
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Adding an extra staff
An extra staff can be added (possibly temporarily) after the start of a piece.
\score { << \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c | c } \new StaffGroup \relative c'' { \new Staff { c1 | c << { c1 | d } \new Staff { \once \omit Staff.TimeSignature c1 | b } >> c1 } } >> }
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Adding an extra staff at a line break
When adding a new staff at a line break, some extra space is
unfortunately added at the end of the line before the break (to fit in
a key signature change, which will never be printed anyway). The
workaround is to add a setting of
Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility
as is shown in the example.
\score { \new StaffGroup \relative c'' { \new Staff \key f \major c1 c^"Unwanted extra space" \break << { c1 | c } \new Staff { \key f \major \once \omit Staff.TimeSignature c1 | c } >> c1 | c^"Fixed here" \break << { c1 | c } \new Staff { \once \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #end-of-line-invisible \key f \major \once \omit Staff.TimeSignature c1 | c } >> } }
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Adding indicators to staves which get split after a break
This snippet defines the \splitStaffBarLine
,
convUpStaffBarLine
and convDownStaffBarLine
commands. These add arrows at a bar line, to denote that several
voices sharing a staff will each continue on a staff of their own in
the next system, or that voices split in this way recombine.
#(define-markup-command (arrow-at-angle layout props angle-deg length fill) (number? number? boolean?) (let* ( (PI-OVER-180 (/ (atan 1 1) 34)) (degrees->radians (lambda (degrees) (* degrees PI-OVER-180))) (angle-rad (degrees->radians angle-deg)) (target-x (* length (cos angle-rad))) (target-y (* length (sin angle-rad)))) (interpret-markup layout props (markup #:translate (cons (/ target-x 2) (/ target-y 2)) #:rotate angle-deg #:translate (cons (/ length -2) 0) #:concat (#:draw-line (cons length 0) #:arrow-head X RIGHT fill))))) splitStaffBarLineMarkup = \markup \with-dimensions #'(0 . 0) #'(0 . 0) { \combine \arrow-at-angle #45 #(sqrt 8) ##t \arrow-at-angle #-45 #(sqrt 8) ##t } splitStaffBarLine = { \once \override Staff.BarLine.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:bar-line::print grob) X RIGHT (grob-interpret-markup grob splitStaffBarLineMarkup) 0)) \break } convDownStaffBarLine = { \once \override Staff.BarLine.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:bar-line::print grob) X RIGHT (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\with-dimensions #'(0 . 0) #'(0 . 0) { \translate #'(0 . -.13)\arrow-at-angle #-45 #(sqrt 8) ##t }#}) 0)) \break } convUpStaffBarLine = { \once \override Staff.BarLine.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:bar-line::print grob) X RIGHT (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\with-dimensions #'(0 . 0) #'(0 . 0) { \translate #'(0 . .14)\arrow-at-angle #45 #(sqrt 8) ##t }#}) 0)) \break } \paper { ragged-right = ##t short-indent = 10\mm } separateSopranos = { \set Staff.instrumentName = "AI AII" \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "AI AII" \splitStaffBarLine \change Staff = "up" } convSopranos = { \convDownStaffBarLine \change Staff = "shared" \set Staff.instrumentName = "S A" \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "S A" } sI = { \voiceOne \repeat unfold 4 f''2 \separateSopranos \repeat unfold 4 g''2 \convSopranos \repeat unfold 4 c''2 } sII = { s1*2 \voiceTwo \change Staff = "up" \repeat unfold 4 d''2 } aI = { \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 a'2 \voiceOne \repeat unfold 4 b'2 \convUpStaffBarLine \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 g'2 } aII = { s1*2 \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 g'2 } ten = { \voiceOne \repeat unfold 4 c'2 \repeat unfold 4 d'2 \repeat unfold 4 c'2 } bas = { \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 f2 \repeat unfold 4 g2 \repeat unfold 4 c2 } \score { << \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = up \with { instrumentName = "SI SII" shortInstrumentName = "SI SII" } { s1*4 } \new Staff = shared \with { instrumentName = "S A" shortInstrumentName = "S A" } << \new Voice = sopI \sI \new Voice = sopII \sII \new Voice = altI \aI \new Voice = altII \aII >> \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = up } \lyricsto sopII { e f g h } \new Lyrics \lyricsto altI { a b c d e f g h i j k l } \new Staff = men \with { instrumentName = "T B" shortInstrumentName = "T B" } << \clef F \new Voice = ten \ten \new Voice = bas \bas >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto bas { a b c d e f g h i j k l } >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } }
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Aggiungere citazioni orchestrali a una partitura vocale
L’esempio seguente mostra un approccio per simplificare l’aggiunta di
citazioni orchestrali a una riduzione per pianoforte di una partitura
vocale. La funzione musicale \cueWhile
prende quattro argomenti:
la musica da cui prendere la citazione, come è definita da \addQuote
,
il nome da inserire prima delle notine, poi o #UP
o #DOWN
per
specificare o \voiceOne
col nome sopra il rigo o \voiceTwo
col nome sotto il rigo, e infine la musica per pianoforte che deve apparire
in parallelo alle notine. Il nome dello strumento citato è posto a sinistra
delle notine. Molti passaggi possono essere citati, ma non possono
sovrapporsi l’un l’altro nel tempo.
cueWhile = #(define-music-function (instrument name dir music) (string? string? ly:dir? ly:music?) #{ \cueDuring $instrument #dir { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \once \override TextScript.direction = $dir <>-\markup { \tiny #name } $music } #}) flute = \relative c'' { \transposition c' s4 s4 e g } \addQuote "flute" { \flute } clarinet = \relative c' { \transposition bes fis4 d d c } \addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet } singer = \relative c'' { c4. g8 g4 bes4 } words = \lyricmode { here's the lyr -- ics } pianoRH = \relative c'' { \transposition c' \cueWhile "clarinet" "Clar." #DOWN { c4. g8 } \cueWhile "flute" "Flute" #UP { g4 bes4 } } pianoLH = \relative c { c4 <c' e> e, <g c> } \score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "singer" { \singer } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "singer" \words } \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice { \pianoRH } } \new Staff { \clef "bass" \pianoLH } >> >> }
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Aggiungere i segni di tempo per i glissandi lunghi
I battiti saltati nei glissandi molto lunghi vengono talvolta segnalati con delle indicazioni di tempo, che consistono solitamente in dei gambi privi di teste di nota. Questi gambi possono essere usati anche per contenere segni di espressione intermedi.
Se i gambi non si allineano bene al glissando, può essere necessario riposizionarli leggermente.
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } glissandoSkipOff = { \revert NoteColumn.glissando-skip \undo \hide NoteHead \revert NoteHead.no-ledgers } \relative c'' { r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn f4 g a a8\noBeam \glissandoSkipOff a8 r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn g4 a8 \glissandoSkipOff a8 | r4 f\glissando \< \glissandoSkipOn a4\f \> \glissandoSkipOff b8\! r | }
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Numeri di battuta alternativi
Si possono impostare due metodi alternativi di numerazione della battuta, utili specialmente per le ripetizioni.
\relative c'{ \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 \break \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers-with-letters \repeat volta 3 { c,4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 }
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Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave
Per impostazione predefinita, gli ambitus sono posizionati a sinistra della chiave. La
funzione \ambitusAfter
permette di cambiare questo posizionamento.
La sintassi è \ambitusAfter grob-interface
(vedi
Graphical Object Interfaces per un elenco dei possibili valori per
grob-interface
.)
Un caso d’uso comune è il posizionamento dell’ambitus tra l’armatura di chiave e l’indicazione di tempo.
\new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver } \relative { \ambitusAfter key-signature \key d \major es'8 g bes cis d2 }
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Centered measure numbers
Scores of large ensemble works often have bar numbers placed beneath
the system, centered horizontally on the measure’s extent. This
snippet shows how the Measure_counter_engraver
may be used to
simulate this notational practice. Here, the engraver has been added
to a Dynamics
context.
This snippet presents a legacy method: starting from LilyPond 2.23.3,
\set Score.centerBarNumbers = ##t
is enough.
\layout { \context { \Dynamics \consists #Measure_counter_engraver \override MeasureCounter.direction = #DOWN \override MeasureCounter.font-encoding = #'latin1 \override MeasureCounter.font-shape = #'italic % to control the distance of the Dynamics context from the staff: \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = #2 } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } pattern = \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \pattern } \new Staff { \pattern } \new Dynamics { \startMeasureCount s1*7 \stopMeasureCount } >>
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Changing the default bar lines
Default bar lines can be changed when re-defined in a score context.
% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=964 %%=> http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2014-03/msg00126.html %%=> http://lilypond.1069038.n5.nabble.com/Changing-the-default-end-repeat-bracket-tc169357.html \layout { \context { \Score %% Changing the defaults from engraver-init.ly measureBarType = #"!" startRepeatBarType = #"[|:" endRepeatBarType = #":|]" doubleRepeatBarType = #":|][|:" } } %% example: { c'1 \repeat volta 2 { \repeat unfold 2 c' } \repeat volta 2 { \repeat unfold 2 c' } \alternative { { c' } { %% v2.18 workaround \once\override Score.VoltaBracket.shorten-pair = #'(1 . -1) c' } } \bar "|." }
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Changing the number of lines in a staff
The number of lines in a staff may changed by overriding the
StaffSymbol
property line-count
.
upper = \relative c'' { c4 d e f } lower = \relative c { \clef bass c4 b a g } \score { \context PianoStaff << \new Staff { \upper } \new Staff { \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-count = #4 \lower } >> }
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Changing the staff size
Though the simplest way to resize staves is to use
#(set-global-staff-size xx)
, an individual staff’s size can be
changed by scaling the properties 'staff-space
and
fontSize
.
<< \new Staff { \relative c'' { \dynamicDown c8\ff c c c c c c c } } \new Staff \with { fontSize = #-3 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -3) } { \clef bass c8 c c c c\f c c c } >>
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Creating blank staves
To create blank staves, generate empty measures then remove the
Bar_number_engraver
from the Score
context, and the
Time_signature_engraver
, Clef_engraver
and
Bar_engraver
from the Staff
context.
#(set-global-staff-size 20) \score { { \repeat unfold 12 { s1 \break } } \layout { indent = 0\in \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } } % uncomment these lines for "letter" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "letter") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 7.5\in left-margin = 0.5\in bottom-margin = 0.25\in top-margin = 0.25\in } %} % uncomment these lines for "A4" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "a4") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 180 left-margin = 15 bottom-margin = 10 top-margin = 10 } %}
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Creating custom key signatures
LilyPond supports custom key signatures. In this example, print for D minor with an extended range of printed flats.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #8 \override KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) \override KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) % presumably sharps are also printed in both octaves \override KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override KeyCancellation.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override Clef.stencil = # (lambda (grob)(grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\combine \musicglyph "clefs.C" \translate #'(-3 . -2) \musicglyph "clefs.F" #})) clefPosition = #3 middleCPosition = #3 middleCClefPosition = #3 } { \key d\minor f bes, f bes, }
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Creating double-digit fingerings
Creating fingerings larger than 5 is possible.
\relative c' { c1-10 c1-50 c1-36 c1-29 }
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Cross staff stems
This snippet shows the use of the Span_stem_engraver
and
\crossStaff
to connect stems across staves automatically.
The stem length need not be specified, as the variable distance between noteheads and staves is calculated automatically.
\layout { \context { \PianoStaff \consists "Span_stem_engraver" } } { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { <b d'>4 r d'16\> e'8. g8 r\! e'8 f' g'4 e'2 } \new Staff { \clef bass \voiceOne \autoBeamOff \crossStaff { <e g>4 e, g16 a8. c8} d \autoBeamOn g8 f g4 c2 } >> }
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Mostrare la parentesi anche se c’è un solo rigo nel sistema
Se c’è un solo rigo in uno dei tipi di rigo ChoirStaff
o
StaffGroup
, la parentesi e la stanghetta iniziale non
appaiono. Si può modificare questo comportamento predefinito
sovrascrivendo collapse-height
e impostando un valore
inferiore al numero di linee del rigo.
Nei contesti PianoStaff
e GrandStaff
, dove i sistemi
iniziano con una parentesi graffa invece di una parentesi quadra,
occorre impostare un’altra proprietà, come si vede nel secondo
sistema dell’esempio.
\score { \new StaffGroup << % Must be lower than the actual number of staff lines \override StaffGroup.SystemStartBracket.collapse-height = #4 \override Score.SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #4 \new Staff { c'1 } >> } \score { \new PianoStaff << \override PianoStaff.SystemStartBrace.collapse-height = #4 \override Score.SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #4 \new Staff { c'1 } >> }
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Extending a TrillSpanner
For TrillSpanner
, the minimum-length
property becomes
effective only if the set-spacing-rods
procedure is called
explicitly.
To do this, the springs-and-rods
property should be set to
ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods
.
\relative c' { \key c\minor \time 2/4 c16( as') c,-. des-. \once\override TrillSpanner.minimum-length = #15 \once\override TrillSpanner.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \afterGrace es4 \startTrillSpan { d16[( \stopTrillSpan es)] } c( c' g es c g' es d \hideNotes c8) }
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Estendere i glissandi sulle volte delle ripetizioni
Un glissando che si estende in vari blocchi \alternative
può
essere simulato aggiungendo all’inizio di ogni blocco \alternative
una nota di abbellimento nascosta da cui inizia un glissando. La nota di
abbellimento deve avere la stessa altezza della nota da cui parte il
glissando iniziale. In questo frammento si usa una funzione musicale
che prende come argomento l’altezza della nota di abbellimento.
Attenzione: nella musica polifonica la nota di abbellimento deve avere una nota di abbellimento corrispondente in tutte le altre voci.
repeatGliss = #(define-music-function (grace) (ly:pitch?) #{ % the next two lines ensure the glissando is long enough % to be visible \once \override Glissando.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \once \override Glissando.minimum-length = #3.5 \once \hideNotes \grace $grace \glissando #}) \score { \relative c'' { \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f\glissando } \alternative { { g2 d } { \repeatGliss f g2 e } { \repeatGliss f e2 d } } } } music = \relative c' { \voiceOne \repeat volta 2 { g a b c\glissando } \alternative { { d1 } { \repeatGliss c \once \omit StringNumber e1\2 } } } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \new Voice { \clef "G_8" \music } >> \new TabStaff << \new TabVoice { \clef "moderntab" \music } >> >> }
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Flat Ties
The function takes the default Tie.stencil
as an argument,
calculating the result relying on the extents of this default.
Further tweaking is possible by overriding
Tie.details.height-limit
or with \shape
. It’s also
possible to change the custom-definition on the fly.
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=1031 #(define ((flared-tie coords) grob) (define (pair-to-list pair) (list (car pair) (cdr pair))) (define (normalize-coords goods x y dir) (map (lambda (coord) ;(coord-scale coord (cons x (* y dir))) (cons (* x (car coord)) (* y dir (cdr coord)))) goods)) (define (my-c-p-s points thick) (make-connected-path-stencil points thick 1.0 1.0 #f #f)) ;; outer let to trigger suicide (let ((sten (ly:tie::print grob))) (if (grob::is-live? grob) (let* ((layout (ly:grob-layout grob)) (line-thickness (ly:output-def-lookup layout 'line-thickness)) (thickness (ly:grob-property grob 'thickness 0.1)) (used-thick (* line-thickness thickness)) (dir (ly:grob-property grob 'direction)) (xex (ly:stencil-extent sten X)) (yex (ly:stencil-extent sten Y)) (lenx (interval-length xex)) (leny (interval-length yex)) (xtrans (car xex)) (ytrans (if (> dir 0)(car yex) (cdr yex))) (uplist (map pair-to-list (normalize-coords coords lenx (* leny 2) dir)))) (ly:stencil-translate (my-c-p-s uplist used-thick) (cons xtrans ytrans))) '()))) #(define flare-tie (flared-tie '((0 . 0)(0.1 . 0.2) (0.9 . 0.2) (1.0 . 0.0)))) \layout { \context { \Voice \override Tie.stencil = #flare-tie } } \paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { a4~a \override Tie.height-limit = 4 a'4~a a'4~a <a,, c e a c e a c e>~ q \break a'4~a \once \override Tie.details.height-limit = 14 a4~a \break a4~a \once \override Tie.details.height-limit = 0.5 a4~a \break a4~a \shape #'((0 . 0) (0 . 0.4) (0 . 0.4) (0 . 0)) Tie a4~a \break a4~a \once \override Tie.stencil = #(flared-tie '((0 . 0)(0.1 . 0.4) (0.9 . 0.4) (1.0 . 0.0))) a4~a a4~a \once \override Tie.stencil = #(flared-tie '((0 . 0)(0.06 . 0.1) (0.94 . 0.1) (1.0 . 0.0))) a4~a }
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Forcing measure width to adapt to MetronomeMark’s width
By default, metronome marks do not influence horizontal spacing.
This can be solved through a simple override, as shown in the second half of the example.
example = { \tempo "Allegro" R1*6 \tempo "Rall." R1*2 \tempo "A tempo" R1*8 } { \compressMMRests { \example R1 R1 \override Score.MetronomeMark.extra-spacing-width = #'(-3 . 0) \example } }
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Glissandi can skip grobs
NoteColumn
grobs can be skipped over by glissandi.
\relative c' { a2 \glissando \once \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t f''4 d, }
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Incipit
Quando si trascrive musica mensurale, un incipit all’inizio del brano è utile per indicare il tempo e l’armatura di chiave originali. I musicisti oggi sono abituati alle stanghette, ma queste non erano note all’epoca della musica mensurale. Come compromesso, spesso le stanghette vengono poste tra i righi, uno stile di formattazione chiamato mensurstriche.
%% With 2.23. this throws: %% programming error: Loose column does not have right side to attach to. %% Likely "Hidden BarLine during note yields programming error" %% https://gitlab.com/lilypond/lilypond/-/issues/4084 %% --Harm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % A short excerpt from the Jubilate Deo by Orlande de Lassus %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% global = { \set Score.skipBars = ##t \key g \major \time 4/4 % the actual music \skip 1*8 % let finis bar go through all staves \override Staff.BarLine.transparent = ##f % finis bar \bar "|." } discantusIncipit = { \clef "neomensural-c1" \key f \major \time 2/2 c''1. } discantusNotes = { \transpose c' c'' { \clef "treble" d'2. d'4 | b e' d'2 | c'4 e'4.( d'8 c' b | a4) b a2 | b4.( c'8 d'4) c'4 | \once \hide NoteHead c'1 | b\breve | } } discantusLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi -- la -- te De -- o, om -- nis ter -- ra, __ om- "..." -us. } altusIncipit = { \clef "neomensural-c3" \key f \major \time 2/2 r1 f'1. } altusNotes = { \transpose c' c'' { \clef "treble" r2 g2. e4 fis g | a2 g4 e | fis g4.( fis16 e fis4) | g1 | \once \hide NoteHead g1 | g\breve | } } altusLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi -- la -- te De -- o, om -- nis ter -- ra, "..." -us. } tenorIncipit = { \clef "neomensural-c4" \key f \major \time 2/2 r\longa r\breve r1 c'1. } tenorNotes = { \transpose c' c' { \clef "treble_8" R1 | R1 | R1 | % two measures r2 d'2. d'4 b e' | \once \hide NoteHead e'1 | d'\breve | } } tenorLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi -- la -- te "..." -us. } bassusIncipit = { \clef "mensural-f" \key f \major \time 2/2 r\maxima f1. } bassusNotes = { \transpose c' c' { \clef "bass" R1 | R1 | R1 | R1 | g2. e4 | \once \hide NoteHead e1 | g\breve | } } bassusLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi- "..." -us. } \score { << \new StaffGroup = choirStaff << \new Voice = "discantusNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Discantus" \incipit \discantusIncipit \global \discantusNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto discantusNotes { \discantusLyrics } \new Voice = "altusNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Altus" \global \incipit \altusIncipit \altusNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto altusNotes { \altusLyrics } \new Voice = "tenorNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Tenor" \global \incipit \tenorIncipit \tenorNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto tenorNotes { \tenorLyrics } \new Voice = "bassusNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Bassus" \global \incipit \bassusIncipit \bassusNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto bassusNotes { \bassusLyrics } >> >> \layout { \context { \Score %% no bar lines in staves or lyrics \hide BarLine } %% the next two instructions keep the lyrics between the bar lines \context { \Lyrics \consists "Bar_engraver" \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" } \context { \Voice %% no slurs \hide Slur %% Comment in the below "\remove" command to allow line %% breaking also at those bar lines where a note overlaps %% into the next measure. The command is commented out in this %% short example score, but especially for large scores, you %% will typically yield better line breaking and thus improve %% overall spacing if you comment in the following command. %%\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" } indent = 6\cm incipit-width = 4\cm } }
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Inserting score fragments above a staff, as markups
The \markup
command is quite versatile. In this snippet, it
contains a \score
block instead of texts or marks.
tuning = \markup { \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \clef bass <c, g, d g>1 } \layout { ragged-right = ##t indent = 0\cm } } } \header { title = "Solo Cello Suites" subtitle = "Suite IV" subsubtitle = \markup { Originalstimmung: \raise #0.5 \tuning } } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { \time 4/8 \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } \tuplet 3/2 { c d e } \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } \tuplet 3/2 { c d e } g8 a g a g8 a g a }
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Let TabStaff print the topmost string at bottom
In tablatures usually the first string is printed topmost. If you want
to have it at the bottom change the
stringOneTopmost
-context-property. For a context-wide setting
this could be done in layout
as well.
%\layout { % \context { % \Score % stringOneTopmost = ##f % } % \context { % \TabStaff % tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format % } %} m = { \cadenzaOn e, b, e gis! b e' \bar "||" } << \new Staff { \clef "G_8" <>_"default" \m <>_"italian (historic)"\m } \new TabStaff { \m \set Score.stringOneTopmost = ##f \set TabStaff.tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format \m } >>
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Letter tablature formatting
Tablature can be formatted using letters instead of numbers.
music = \relative c { c4 d e f g4 a b c d4 e f g } << \new Staff { \clef "G_8" \music } \new TabStaff \with { tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format } { \music } >>
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Lasciare che i glissandi vadano a capo
Per permettere a un glissando di andare a capo se capita su un’interruzione di
riga, si impostano le proprietà breakable
e after-line-breaking
su #t
:
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } \relative c'' { \override Glissando.breakable = ##t \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t f1\glissando | \break a4 r2. | f1\glissando \once \glissandoSkipOn \break a2 a4 r4 | }
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Rendere alcune linee del rigo più spesse delle altre
In ambito didattico può essere utile rendere più spesso una linea del
rigo (per esempio, la linea centrale, o per sottolineare la linea
della chiave di Sol). Per farlo si possono aggiungere altre linee
e posizionarle molto vicino alla linea che deve essere evidenziata,
usando la proprietà line-positions
dell’oggetto StaffSymbol
.
{ \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-4 -2 -0.2 0 0.2 2 4) d'4 e' f' g' }
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Measure counter
This snippet provides a workaround for emitting measure counters using transparent percent repeats.
<< \context Voice = "foo" { \clef bass c4 r g r c4 r g r c4 r g r c4 r g r } \context Voice = "foo" { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \hide PercentRepeat \override PercentRepeatCounter.staff-padding = #1 \repeat percent 4 { s1 } } >>
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Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
La formattazione mensurale, in cui le stanghette non appaiono sui righi ma
nello spazio tra i righi, si può ottenere usando StaffGroup
al posto
di ChoirStaff
. La stanghetta sui righi viene nascosta con
\hide
.
\layout { \context { \Staff measureBarType = "-span|" } } music = \fixed c'' { c1 d2 \section e2 f1 \fine } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \music \new Staff \music >>
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Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava
È possibile cambiare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.OttavaBracket.stencil = #ly:line-spanner::print \override Staff.OttavaBracket.bound-details = #`((left . ((Y . 0) (attach-dir . ,LEFT) (padding . 0) (stencil-align-dir-y . ,CENTER))) (right . ((Y . 5.0) ; Change the number here (padding . 0) (attach-dir . ,RIGHT) (text . ,(make-draw-dashed-line-markup (cons 0 -1.2)))))) \override Staff.OttavaBracket.left-bound-info = #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-left-bound-info-and-text \override Staff.OttavaBracket.right-bound-info = #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-right-bound-info \ottava #1 c1 c'''1 }
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Annidare i righi
Si può usare la proprietà systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
per creare
gruppi di righi annidati più complessi. Il comando \set
StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
prende come argomento una lista
alfabetica dell’insieme di righi prodotti. Prima di ogni rigo si può
assegnare un delimitatore di inizio del sistema. Deve essere racchiuso
tra parentesi e collega tutti i righi compresi tra le parentesi. Gli
elementi nella lista possono essere omessi, ma la prima parentesi quadra
collega sempre tutti i righi. Le possibilità sono SystemStartBar
,
SystemStartBracket
, SystemStartBrace
e
SystemStartSquare
.
\new StaffGroup \relative c'' << \override StaffGroup.SystemStartSquare.collapse-height = #4 \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy = #'(SystemStartSquare (SystemStartBrace (SystemStartBracket a (SystemStartSquare b) ) c ) d) \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } >>
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Armature di chiave non tradizionali
Il comando \key
comunemente usato imposta la proprietà
keyAlterations
del contesto Staff
.
Per creare armature di chiave non standard, tale proprietà va
impostata esplicitamente.
Il formato di questo comando è una lista:
\set Staff.keyAlterations = #`(((ottava . grado) . alterazione) ((ottava
. grado) . alterazione) ...)
dove, per ogni elemento della lista, ottava
indica l’ottava (0 è
l’ottava dal Do centrale al Si precedente), grado
indica la nota
all’interno dell’ottava (0 significa Do e 6 significa Si) e alterazione
può essere ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP
etc.
Altrimenti, usando il formato breve per ogni elemento della lista,
(grado . alterazione)
, ciò indica che la stessa alterazione deve
essere presente in tutte le ottave. Per le scale microtonalidove un
“diesis” non è 100 centesimi, alterazione
si riferisce alla
proporzione di un duecentesimo di tono intero.
\include "arabic.ly" \relative do' { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((0 . ,SEMI-FLAT) (1 . ,SEMI-FLAT) (2 . ,FLAT) (5 . ,FLAT) (6 . ,SEMI-FLAT)) %\set Staff.extraNatural = ##f re reb \dwn reb resd dod dob dosd \dwn dob | dobsb dodsd do do | }
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Numbering groups of measures
This snippet demonstrates the use of the
Measure_counter_engraver
to number groups of successive
measures. Any stretch of measures may be numbered, whether consisting
of repetitions or not.
The engraver must be added to the appropriate context. Here, a
Staff
context is used; another possibility is a Dynamics
context.
The counter is begun with \startMeasureCount
and ended with
\stopMeasureCount
. Numbering will start by default with
1
, but this behavior may be modified by overriding the
count-from
property.
When a measure extends across a line break, the number will appear twice, the second time in parentheses.
\layout { \context { \Staff \consists #Measure_counter_engraver } } \new Staff { \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \stopMeasureCount \bar "||" g'4 f' e' d' \override Staff.MeasureCounter.count-from = #2 \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 5 { g'4 f' e' d' } g'4 f' \bar "" \break e'4 d' \repeat unfold 7 { g'4 f' e' d' } \stopMeasureCount }
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Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
Questo modello mostra come usare i contesti annidati StaffGroup
e
GrandStaff
per creare sottogruppi degli strumenti dello stesso
tipo. Mostra anche come usare \transpose
in modo che le variabili
mantengano la musica per gli strumenti traspositori nell’intonazione reale.
#(set-global-staff-size 17) \paper { indent = 3.0\cm % add space for instrumentName short-indent = 1.5\cm % add less space for shortInstrumentName } fluteMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } % Pitches as written on a manuscript for Clarinet in A % are transposed to concert pitch. clarinetMusic = \transpose c' a \relative c'' { \key bes \major bes1 d } trumpetMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } % Key signature is often omitted for horns hornMusic = \transpose c' f \relative c { d'1 fis } percussionMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g1 b } sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { \key g \major g'1 b } sopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { Lyr -- ics } altoIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoILyrics = \sopranoLyrics altoIILyrics = \lyricmode { Ah -- ah } tenorMusic = \relative c' { \clef "treble_8" \key g \major g1 b } tenorLyrics = \sopranoLyrics pianoRHMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } pianoLHMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } violinIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violinIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violaMusic = \relative c { \clef alto \key g \major g'1 b } celloMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } bassMusic = \relative c { \clef "bass_8" \key g \major g,1 b } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_woodwinds" << \new Staff = "Staff_flute" \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteMusic \new Staff = "Staff_clarinet" \with { instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "Clarinet in B" \flat } } } % Declare that written Middle C in the music % to follow sounds a concert B flat, for % output using sounded pitches such as MIDI. %\transposition bes % Print music for a B-flat clarinet \transpose bes c' \clarinetMusic >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_brass" << \new Staff = "Staff_hornI" \with { instrumentName = "Horn in F" } % \transposition f \transpose f c' \hornMusic \new Staff = "Staff_trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet in C" } \trumpetMusic >> \new RhythmicStaff = "RhythmicStaff_percussion" \with { instrumentName = "Percussion" } << \percussionMusic >> \new PianoStaff \with { instrumentName = "Piano" } << \new Staff { \pianoRHMusic } \new Staff { \pianoLHMusic } >> \new ChoirStaff = "ChoirStaff_choir" << \new Staff = "Staff_soprano" \with { instrumentName = "Soprano" } \new Voice = "soprano" \sopranoMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" { \sopranoLyrics } \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_altos" \with { \accepts Lyrics } << \new Staff = "Staff_altoI" \with { instrumentName = "Alto I" } \new Voice = "altoI" \altoIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoI" { \altoILyrics } \new Staff = "Staff_altoII" \with { instrumentName = "Alto II" } \new Voice = "altoII" \altoIIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoII" { \altoIILyrics } >> \new Staff = "Staff_tenor" \with { instrumentName = "Tenor" } \new Voice = "tenor" \tenorMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" { \tenorLyrics } >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_strings" << \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_violins" << \new Staff = "Staff_violinI" \with { instrumentName = "Violin I" } \violinIMusic \new Staff = "Staff_violinII" \with { instrumentName = "Violin II" } \violinIIMusic >> \new Staff = "Staff_viola" \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } \violaMusic \new Staff = "Staff_cello" \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } \celloMusic \new Staff = "Staff_bass" \with { instrumentName = "Double Bass" } \bassMusic >> >> \layout { } }
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Print ChordNames with same root and different bass as slash and bass-note
To print subsequent ChordNames
only differing in its bass note
as slash and bass note use the here defined engraver. The behaviour may
be controlled in detail by the chordChanges
context property.
#(define Bass_changes_equal_root_engraver (lambda (ctx) "For sequential @code{ChordNames} with same root, but different bass, the root markup is dropped: D D/C D/B -> D /C /B The behaviour may be controlled by setting the @code{chordChanges} context-property." (let ((chord-pitches '()) (last-chord-pitches '()) (bass-pitch #f)) (make-engraver ((initialize this-engraver) (let ((chord-note-namer (ly:context-property ctx 'chordNoteNamer))) ;; Set 'chordNoteNamer, respect user setting if already done (ly:context-set-property! ctx 'chordNoteNamer (if (procedure? chord-note-namer) chord-note-namer note-name->markup)))) (listeners ((note-event this-engraver event) (let* ((pitch (ly:event-property event 'pitch)) (pitch-name (ly:pitch-notename pitch)) (pitch-alt (ly:pitch-alteration pitch)) (bass (ly:event-property event 'bass #f)) (inversion (ly:event-property event 'inversion #f))) ;; Collect notes of the chord ;; - to compare inversed chords we need to collect the bass note ;; as usual member of the chord, whereas an added bass must be ;; treated separate from the usual chord-notes ;; - notes are stored as pairs containing their ;; pitch-name (an integer), i.e. disregarding their octave and ;; their alteration (cond (bass (set! bass-pitch pitch)) (inversion (set! bass-pitch pitch) (set! chord-pitches (cons (cons pitch-name pitch-alt) chord-pitches))) (else (set! chord-pitches (cons (cons pitch-name pitch-alt) chord-pitches))))))) (acknowledgers ((chord-name-interface this-engraver grob source-engraver) (let ((chord-changes (ly:context-property ctx 'chordChanges #f))) ;; If subsequent chords are equal apart from their bass, ;; reset the 'text-property. ;; Equality is done by comparing the sorted lists of this chord's ;; elements and the previous chord. Sorting is needed because ;; inverted chords may have a different order of pitches. ;; `chord-changes' needs to be true (if (and bass-pitch chord-changes (equal? (sort chord-pitches car<) (sort last-chord-pitches car<))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'text (make-line-markup (list (ly:context-property ctx 'slashChordSeparator) ((ly:context-property ctx 'chordNoteNamer) bass-pitch (ly:context-property ctx 'chordNameLowercaseMinor)))))) (set! last-chord-pitches chord-pitches) (set! chord-pitches '()) (set! bass-pitch #f)))) ((finalize this-engraver) (set! last-chord-pitches '())))))) myChords = \chordmode { %\germanChords \set chordChanges = ##t d2:m d:m/cis d:m/c \set chordChanges = ##f d:m/b e1:7 \set chordChanges = ##t e \break \once \set chordChanges = ##f e1/f e2/gis e/+gis e e:m/f d:m d:m/cis d:m/c \set chordChanges = ##f d:m/b } << \new ChordNames \with { \consists #Bass_changes_equal_root_engraver } \myChords \new Staff \myChords >>
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Putting lyrics inside the staff
Lyrics can be moved vertically to place them inside the staff. The
lyrics are moved with
\override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . dy)
and there are
similar commands to move the extenders and hyphens. The offset needed
is established with trial and error.
<< \new Staff << \new Voice = "voc" \relative c' { \stemDown a bes c8 b c4 } >> \new Lyrics \with { \override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) \override LyricExtender.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) \override LyricHyphen.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) } \lyricsto "voc" { La la -- la __ _ la } >>
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Quoting another voice
The quotedEventTypes
property determines the music event types
which should be quoted. The default value is
(note-event rest-event tie-event beam-event tuplet-span-event)
,
which means that only the notes, rests, ties, beams and tuplets of the
quoted voice will appear in the \quoteDuring
expression.
In the following example, a 16th rest is not quoted since
rest-event
is not in quotedEventTypes
.
For a list of event types, consult the “Music classes” section of the Internals Reference.
quoteMe = \relative c' { fis4 r16 a8.-> b4\ff c } \addQuote quoteMe \quoteMe original = \relative c'' { c8 d s2 \once \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t es8 gis8 } << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "quoteMe" } \quoteMe \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "orig" } \original \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "orig+quote" quotedEventTypes = #'(note-event articulation-event) } \relative c'' << \original \new Voice { s4 \set fontSize = #-4 \override Stem.length-fraction = #(magstep -4) \quoteDuring "quoteMe" { \skip 2. } } >> >>
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Quoting another voice with transposition
Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and
target. In this example, all instruments play sounding middle C; the
target is an instrument in F. The target part may be transposed using
\transpose
. In this case, all the pitches (including the
quoted ones) are transposed.
\addQuote clarinet { \transposition bes \repeat unfold 8 { d'16 d' d'8 } } \addQuote sax { \transposition es' \repeat unfold 16 { a8 } } quoteTest = { % french horn \transposition f g'4 << \quoteDuring "clarinet" { \skip 4 } s4^"clar." >> << \quoteDuring "sax" { \skip 4 } s4^"sax." >> g'4 } { \new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \column { Horn "in F" } } } \quoteTest \transpose c' d' << \quoteTest s4_"up a tone" >> }
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Removing brace on first line of piano score
This snippet removes the first brace from a PianoStaff
or a
GrandStaff
.
It may be useful when cutting and pasting the engraved image into existing music.
It uses \alterBroken
.
someMusic = { \once \override Staff.Clef.stencil = ##f \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = ##f \repeat unfold 3 c1 \break \repeat unfold 5 c1 \break \repeat unfold 5 c1 } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "right" \relative c'' \someMusic \new Staff = "left" \relative c' { \clef F \someMusic } >> \layout { indent=75 \context { \PianoStaff \alterBroken transparent #'(#t) SystemStartBrace } } }
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Eliminare la prima linea vuota
Il primo rigo vuoto si può togliere dalla partitura impostando la proprietà
remove-first
di VerticalAxisGroup
. Questa impostazione
agisce a livello globale se posta nel blocco \layout
, a livello
locale se posta nel rigo specifico che deve essere tolto. Nel secondo
caso, si deve specificare il contesto (Staff
si applica solo al
rigo corrente) prima della proprietà.
Il rigo inferiore del secondo gruppo di righi non viene rimosso, perché l’impostazione ha effetto solo sul rigo in cui si trova.
\layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves % To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line: % \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c' { e4 f g a \break c1 } \new Staff { % To use the setting globally, comment this line, % uncomment the line in the \layout block above \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t R1 \break R } >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c' { e4 f g a \break c1 } \new Staff { R1 \break R } >>
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Setting system separators
System separators can be inserted between systems. Any markup can be
used, but \slashSeparator
has been provided as a sensible
default.
\paper { system-separator-markup = \slashSeparator line-width = 120 } notes = \relative c' { c1 | c \break c1 | c \break c1 | c } \book { \score { \new GrandStaff << \new Staff \notes \new Staff \notes >> } }
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Tick bar lines
’Tick’ bar lines are often used in music where the bar line is used only for coordination and is not meant to imply any rhythmic stress.
\relative c' { \set Score.measureBarType = #"'" c4 d e f g4 f e d c4 d e f g4 f e d \bar "|." }
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Time signature in parentheses
The time signature can be enclosed within parentheses.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (bracketify-stencil (ly:time-signature::print grob) Y 0.1 0.2 0.1)) \time 2/4 a4 b8 c }
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Time signature in parentheses - method 3
Another way to put the time signature in parenthesis
\relative c'' { \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (parenthesize-stencil (ly:time-signature::print grob) 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 )) \time 2/4 a4 b8 c }
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Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave
Cambiando il glifo della chiave, la sua posizione o l’ottavazione non
cambia la posizione delle note successive nel rigo. Per far sì che
le armature di chiave si trovino sulle linee del rigo corrette, bisogna
specificare anche middleCPosition
, con valori positivi o negativi
che spostano il Do centrale
rispettivamente su o giù in senso
relativo alla linea centrale del rigo.
Per esempio, \clef "treble_8"
equivale a impostare
clefGlyph
, clefPosition
(che regola la posizione
verticale della chiave), middleCPosition
e
clefTransposition
. Viene stampata una chiave quando cambia una
di queste proprietà, eccetto middleCPosition
.
Gli esempi seguenti mostrano le possibilità date dall’impostazione manuale di tali proprietà. Sulla prima linea le modifiche manuali preservano il posizionamento relativo standard di chiavi e note, mentre sulla seconda linea non lo fanno.
{ % The default treble clef \key f \major c'1 % The standard bass clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #6 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #6 \key g \major c'1 % The baritone clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" \set Staff.clefPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #4 \key f \major c'1 % The standard choral tenor clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" \set Staff.clefPosition = #-2 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #-7 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #1 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #1 \key f \major c'1 % A non-standard clef \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #-4 \key g \major c'1 \break % The following clef changes do not preserve % the normal relationship between notes, key signatures % and clefs: \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #7 c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 c'1 % Return to the normal clef: \set Staff.middleCPosition = #0 c'1 }
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Two \partCombine pairs on one staff
The \partCombine
function takes two music expressions each
containing a part, and distributes them among four Voice
s named
“two”, “one”, “solo”, and “chords” depending on when and how
the parts are merged into a common voice. The voices output from
\partCombine
can have their layout properties adjusted in the
usual way. Here we define extensions of \partCombine
to make
it easier to put four voices on a staff.
soprano = { d'4 | cis' b e' d'8 cis' | cis'2 b } alto = { fis4 | e8 fis gis ais b4 b | b ais fis2 } tenor = { a8 b | cis' dis' e'4 b8 cis' d'4 | gis cis' dis'2 } bass = { fis8 gis | a4 gis g fis | eis fis b,2 } \new Staff << \key b\minor \clef alto \partial 4 \transpose b b' \partCombineUp \soprano \alto \partCombineDown \tenor \bass >>
\layout { \context { \Staff \accepts "VoiceBox" } \context { \name "VoiceBox" \type "Engraver_group" \defaultchild "Voice" \accepts "Voice" \accepts "NullVoice" } } customPartCombineUp = #(define-music-function (partOne partTwo) (ly:music? ly:music?) "Take the music in @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} and return a @code{VoiceBox} named @q{Up} containing @code{Voice}s that contain @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} merged into one voice where feasible. This variant sets the default voicing in the output to use upward stems." #{ \new VoiceBox = "Up" << \context Voice = "one" { \voiceOne } \context Voice = "two" { \voiceThree } \context Voice = "shared" { \voiceOne } \context Voice = "solo" { \voiceOne } \context NullVoice = "null" {} \partCombine #partOne #partTwo >> #}) customPartCombineDown = # (define-music-function (partOne partTwo) (ly:music? ly:music?) "Take the music in @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} and return a @code{VoiceBox} named @q{Down} containing @code{Voice}s that contain @var{partOne} and @var{partTwo} merged into one voice where feasible. This variant sets the default voicing in the output to use downward stems." #{ \new VoiceBox = "Down" << \set VoiceBox.soloText = #"Solo III" \set VoiceBox.soloIIText = #"Solo IV" \context Voice ="one" { \voiceFour } \context Voice ="two" { \voiceTwo } \context Voice ="shared" { \voiceFour } \context Voice ="solo" { \voiceFour } \context NullVoice = "null" {} \partCombine #partOne #partTwo >> #}) soprano = { d'4 | cis' b e' d'8 cis' | cis'2 b } alto = { fis4 | e8 fis gis ais b4 b | b ais fis2 } tenor = { a8 b | cis' dis' e'4 b8 cis' d'4 | gis cis' dis'2 } bass = { fis8 gis | a4 gis g fis | eis fis b,2 } \new Staff << \key b\minor \clef alto \partial 4 \transpose b b' \customPartCombineUp \soprano \alto \customPartCombineDown \tenor \bass >>
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Usare una parentesi quadra all’inizio di un gruppo di righi
Si può usare il segno SystemStartSquare
(uno dei segni che delimitano
l’inizio del sistema) impostandolo esplicitamente in un contesto
StaffGroup
o ChoirStaff
.
\score { \new StaffGroup { << \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiter = #'SystemStartSquare \new Staff { c'4 d' e' f' } \new Staff { c'4 d' e' f' } >> } }
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Using autochange with more than one voice
Using autochange
with more than one voice.
\score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" { << \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \set Timing.beatStructure = #'(4) \new Voice { \voiceOne \autoChange \relative c' { g8 a b c d e f g g,8 a b c d e f g } } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \autoChange \relative c' { g8 a b c d e f g g,,8 a b c d e f g } } >> } \new Staff = "down" { \clef bass } >> }
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Using marklines in a Frenched score
Using MarkLine
contexts (such as in
LSR1010) in a Frenched
score can be problematic if all the staves between two MarkLine
s
are removed in one system. The Keep_alive_together_engraver
can
be used within each StaffGroup
to keep the MarkLine
alive
only as long as the other staves in the group stay alive.
bars = { \tempo "Allegro" 4=120 s1*2 \repeat unfold 5 { \mark \default s1*2 } \bar "||" \tempo "Adagio" 4=40 s1*2 \repeat unfold 8 { \mark \default s1*2 } \bar "|." } winds = \repeat unfold 120 { c''4 } trumpet = { \repeat unfold 8 g'2 R1*16 \repeat unfold 4 g'2 R1*8 } trombone = { \repeat unfold 4 c'1 R1*8 d'1 R1*17 } strings = \repeat unfold 240 { c''8 } #(set-global-staff-size 16) \paper { systems-per-page = 5 ragged-last-bottom = ##f } \layout { indent = 15\mm short-indent = 5\mm \context { \name MarkLine \type Engraver_group \consists Output_property_engraver \consists Axis_group_engraver \consists Mark_engraver \consists Metronome_mark_engraver \consists Staff_collecting_engraver \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-empty = ##t \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-layer = #'any \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = 1 keepAliveInterfaces = #'() } \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-empty = ##t \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-layer = ##f } \context { \StaffGroup \accepts MarkLine \consists Keep_alive_together_engraver } \context { \Score \remove Mark_engraver \remove Metronome_mark_engraver \remove Staff_collecting_engraver } } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "winds" \with { instrumentName = "Winds" shortInstrumentName = "Winds" } << \new MarkLine \bars \new Staff \winds >> \new StaffGroup = "brass" << \new MarkLine \bars \new Staff = "trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" shortInstrumentName = "Tpt" } \trumpet \new Staff = "trombone" \with { instrumentName = "Trombone" shortInstrumentName = "Tbn" } \trombone >> \new StaffGroup = "strings" \with { instrumentName = "Strings" shortInstrumentName = "Strings" } << \new MarkLine \bars \new Staff = "strings" { \strings } >> >> }
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Vertical aligned StaffGroups without connecting SystemStartBar
This snippet shows how to achieve vertically aligned StaffGroups
with a SystemStartBar
for each StaffGroup
, but without
connecting them.
#(set-global-staff-size 18) \paper { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f print-all-headers = ##t } \layout { \context { \StaffGroup \consists Text_mark_engraver \consists Staff_collecting_engraver systemStartDelimiterHierarchy = #'(SystemStartBrace (SystemStartBracket a b)) } \context { \Score \remove Text_mark_engraver \remove Staff_collecting_engraver \override SystemStartBrace.style = #'bar-line \omit SystemStartBar \override SystemStartBrace.padding = #-0.1 \override SystemStartBrace.thickness = #1.6 \override StaffGrouper.staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #15 } } %%%% EXAMPLE txt = \lyricmode { Wer4 nur den lie -- ben Gott läßt wal2 -- ten4 und4 hof -- fet auf ihn al -- le Zeit2. } % First StaffGroup "exercise" eI = \relative c' { \textMark \markup { \bold Teacher: This is a simple setting of the choral. Please improve it. } \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceOne \partial 4 e4 a b c b a b gis2 e4\fermata g! g f e a a gis a2.\fermata \bar ":|." } eII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceTwo \partial 4 c4 e e e gis a f e2 b4 b d d c c d d c2. \bar ":|." } eIII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceOne \partial 4 a4 c b a b c d b2 gis4 g g b c a f e e2. } eIV = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceTwo \partial 4 a,4 a' gis a e a, d e2 e,4\fermata e' b g c f d e a,2.\fermata \bar ":|." } exercise = \new StaffGroup = "exercise" << \new Staff << \new Voice \eI \new Voice \eII >> \new Lyrics \txt \new Staff << \new Voice \eIII \new Voice \eIV >> >> % Second StaffGroup "simple Bach" sbI = \relative c' { \textMark \markup { \bold" Pupil:" Here's my version! } \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceOne \partial 4 e4 a b c b a b gis2 e4\fermata g! g f e a a gis a2.\fermata \bar ":|." } sbII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceTwo \partial 4 c8 d e4 e e8 f g4 f f e2 b4 b8 c d4 d e8 d c4 b8 c d4 c2. \bar ":|." } sbIII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceOne \partial 4 a8 b c4 b a b8 c d4 d8 c b2 gis4 g g8 a b4 b a8 g f4 e e2. } sbIV = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceTwo \partial 4 a,4 a' gis a e f8 e d4 e2 e,4\fermata e' b a8 g c4 f8 e d4 e a,2.\fermata \bar ":|." } simpleBach = \new StaffGroup = "simple Bach" << \new Staff << \new Voice \sbI \new Voice \sbII >> \new Lyrics \txt \new Staff << \new Voice \sbIII \new Voice \sbIV >> >> % Third StaffGroup "chromatic Bach" cbI = \relative c' { \textMark \markup { \bold "Teacher:" \column { "Well, you simply copied and transposed a version of J.S.Bach." "Do you know this one?" } } \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceOne \partial 4 e4 a b c b a b gis4. fis8 e4\fermata g! g f e a a8 b gis4 a2.\fermata \bar ":|." } cbII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceTwo \partial 4 c8 d e4 e e8 fis gis4 a8 g! f!4 e2 b4 e e d d8[ cis] d dis e fis e4 e2. \bar ":|." } cbIII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceOne \partial 4 a8 b c[ b] a gis8 a4 d, e8[ e'] d c b4. a8 gis4 b c d8 c b[ a] a b c b b c16 d c2. } cbIV = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceTwo \partial 4 a4 c, e a, b c d e2 e4\fermata e a b8 c gis[ g] fis f e dis e4 a,2.\fermata \bar ":|." } chromaticBach = \new StaffGroup = "chromatic Bach" << \new Staff << \new Voice \cbI \new Voice \cbII >> \new Lyrics \txt \new Staff << \new Voice \cbIII \new Voice \cbIV >> >> % Score \score { << \exercise \simpleBach \chromaticBach >> \header { title = \markup \column { \combine \null \vspace #1 "Exercise: Improve the given choral" " " } } \layout { \context { \Lyrics \override LyricText.X-offset = #-1 } } }
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Volta sotto gli accordi
Aggiungendo l’incisore Volta_engraver
al rigo, è possibile
inserire le volte sotto gli accordi.
\score { << \chords { c1 c1 } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Volta_engraver" } } }
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Volta multi staff
By adding the Volta_engraver
to the relevant staff, volte can be
put over staves other than the topmost one in a score.
voltaMusic = \relative c'' { \repeat volta 2 { c1 } \alternative { d1 e1 } } << \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \voltaMusic \new Staff \voltaMusic >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } \voltaMusic \new Staff \voltaMusic >> >>
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Editorial annotations
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Adding fingerings to a score
Fingering instructions can be entered using a simple syntax.
\relative c'' { c4-1 d-2 f-4 e-3 }
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Adding links to objects
To add a link to a grob stencil you can use add-link
as defined
here. It works both with \override
and \tweak
.
Drawback: point-and-click
is disturbed for the linked grobs.
Limitation: Works for PDF only.
The linked objects are colored with a separate command. Note that the links are not displayed and are not clickable from inside the LSR.
#(define (add-link url-strg) (lambda (grob) (let* ((stil (ly:grob-property grob 'stencil))) (if (ly:stencil? stil) (let* ((x-ext (ly:stencil-extent stil X)) (y-ext (ly:stencil-extent stil Y)) (url-expr `(url-link ,url-strg ,x-ext ,y-ext)) (new-stil (ly:stencil-add (ly:make-stencil url-expr x-ext y-ext) stil))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil new-stil)))))) %%%% test %% For easier maintenance of this snippet the URL is formatted to use the %% actually used LilyPond version. %% Of course a literal URL would work as well. #(define major.minor-version (string-join (take (string-split (lilypond-version) #\.) 2) ".")) urlI = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/writing-pitches" major.minor-version) urlII = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/rhythms" major.minor-version) urlIII = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/note-heads" major.minor-version) urlIV = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/beams" major.minor-version) urlV = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/note-head-styles" major.minor-version) urlVI = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/writing-pitches" major.minor-version) \relative c' { \key cis \minor \once \override Staff.Clef.color = #green \once \override Staff.Clef.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlI) \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.color = #green \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlII) \once \override NoteHead.color = #green \once \override NoteHead.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlIII) cis'1 \once \override Beam.color = #green \once \override Beam.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlIV) cis8 dis e fis gis2 <gis, \tweak Accidental.color #green \tweak Accidental.after-line-breaking #(add-link urlVI) \tweak color #green \tweak after-line-breaking #(add-link urlV) \tweak style #'harmonic bis dis fis >1 <cis, cis' e> }
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Adding markups in a tablature
By default markups does not show in a tablature.
To make them appear, simply use the command
\revert TabStaff.TextScript.stencil
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=919 % by P.P.Schneider on June 2014 high = { r4 r8 <g c'> q r8 r4 } low = { c4 r4 c8 r8 g,8 b, } pulse = { s8^"1" s^"&" s^"2" s^"&" s^"3" s^"&" s^"4" s^"&" } \score { \new TabStaff { \repeat unfold 2 << \high \\ \low \\ \pulse >> } \layout { \context { \TabStaff \clef moderntab \revert TextScript.stencil \override TextScript.font-series = #'bold \override TextScript.font-size = #-2 \override TextScript.color = #red } \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) } } }
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Far sì che la diteggiatura appaia dentro il rigo
Per impostazione predefinita, le diteggiature orientate verticalmente sono poste fuori dal rigo; questo comportamento tuttavia può essere disabilitato. Occorre fare attenzione alle situazioni in cui le diteggiature e i gambi sono rivolti nella stessa direzione: normalmente le diteggiature evitano soltanto i gambi con travature. Questa impostazione predefinita può essere cambiata in modo da evitare tutti i gambi oppure nessuno. L’esempio seguente mostra queste due opzioni, così come tornare al comportamento predefinito.
\relative c' { <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 \override Fingering.staff-padding = #'() <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 g'-0 a8[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##f a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##t a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = #only-if-beamed a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r }
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Numeri di battuta alternativi
Si possono impostare due metodi alternativi di numerazione della battuta, utili specialmente per le ripetizioni.
\relative c'{ \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 \break \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers-with-letters \repeat volta 3 { c,4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 }
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Parentesi analitiche sopra il rigo
Delle semplici parentesi analitiche orizzontali vengono aggiunte, per impostazione predefinita, sotto il rigo. L’esempio seguente mostra un modo per posizionarle sopra il rigo.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } } \relative c'' { \once \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP c2\startGroup d2\stopGroup }
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Parentesi analitiche con etichette
Si può aggiungere del testo alle parentesi analitiche tramite la proprietà
text
del grob HorizontalBracketText
. L’aggiunta di vari frammenti
di testo alle parentesi che iniziano nello stesso momento musicale richiede
l’uso del comando \tweak
.
Dopo un’interruzione di linea il testo viene messo tra parentesi.
\paper { tagline = ##f } \layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP } } { \once\override HorizontalBracketText.text = "a" c''\startGroup d''\stopGroup \once\override HorizontalBracketText.text = "a'" e''\startGroup d''\stopGroup | c''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text \markup \bold \huge "b" \startGroup -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "a" \startGroup d''\stopGroup e''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "a'" \startGroup d''\stopGroup\stopGroup | c''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text foo \startGroup d'' e'' f'' | \break g'' a'' b'' c'''\stopGroup }
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Applicazione degli stili delle teste di nota in base al grado della scala
La proprietà shapeNoteStyles
può essere usata per definire vari
stili di teste di nota per ogni grado della scala (definita dall’armatura
di chiave o dalla proprietà tonic
). Questa proprietà richiede un
insieme di simboli, che può essere puramente arbitrario (sono permesse
espressioni geometriche come triangle
, cross
e xcircle
)
o basato sull’antica tradizione tipografica americana (sono consentiti
anche alcuni nomi di nota latini).
Detto questo, per imitare gli antichi canzionieri americani, ci sono vari
stili predefiniti disponibili attraverso dei comodi comandi come
\aikenHeads
o \sacredHarpHeads
.
Questo esempio mostra modi diversi di ottenere teste di nota di varie forme e illustra la possibilità di trasporre una melodia senza perdere la corrispondenza tra le funzioni armoniche e gli stili delle teste.
fragment = { \key c \major c2 d e2 f g2 a b2 c } \new Staff { \transpose c d \relative c' { \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(do re mi fa #f la ti) \fragment } \break \relative c' { \set shapeNoteStyles = ##(cross triangle fa #f mensural xcircle diamond) \fragment } }
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Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command
The \whiteout
command underlays a markup with a white
box. Since staff lines are in a lower layer than most other grobs,
this white box will not overlap any other grob.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { \override TextScript.extra-offset = #'(2 . 4) c2-\markup { \whiteout \pad-markup #0.5 "middle C" } c }
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Changing a single note’s size in a chord
Individual note heads in a chord can be modified with the
\tweak
command inside a chord, by altering the font-size
property.
Inside the chord (within the brackets < >
), before the note to
be altered, place the \tweak
command, followed by
font-size
and define the proper size like #-2
(a tiny
note head).
\relative c' { <\tweak font-size #+2 c e g c \tweak font-size #-2 e>1 ^\markup { A tiny e }_\markup { A big c } }
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Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed
The appearance of slurs may be changed from solid to dotted or dashed.
\relative c' { c4( d e c) \slurDotted c4( d e c) \slurSolid c4( d e c) \slurDashed c4( d e c) \slurSolid c4( d e c) }
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Coloring notes depending on their pitch
It is possible to color note heads depending on their pitch and/or their names: the function used in this example even makes it possible to distinguish enharmonics.
%Association list of pitches to colors. #(define color-mapping (list (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 0 NATURAL) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 0 SHARP) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 1 FLAT) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 2 NATURAL) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 2 SHARP) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 FLAT) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 NATURAL) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 4 SHARP) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 NATURAL) (x11-color 'green)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 FLAT) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 6 SHARP) (x11-color 'red)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 1 NATURAL) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 3 SHARP) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 4 FLAT) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 5 SHARP) (x11-color 'blue)) (cons (ly:make-pitch 0 6 FLAT) (x11-color 'blue)))) %Compare pitch and alteration (not octave). #(define (pitch-equals? p1 p2) (and (= (ly:pitch-alteration p1) (ly:pitch-alteration p2)) (= (ly:pitch-notename p1) (ly:pitch-notename p2)))) #(define (pitch-to-color pitch) (let ((color (assoc pitch color-mapping pitch-equals?))) (if color (cdr color)))) #(define (color-notehead grob) (pitch-to-color (ly:event-property (event-cause grob) 'pitch))) \score { \new Staff \relative c' { \override NoteHead.color = #color-notehead c8 b d dis ees f g aes } }
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Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
Il posizionamento dei numeri della diteggiatura può essere regolato in modo preciso. Perché l’orientamento funzioni, occorre usare il costrutto per gli accordi <> anche per le note singole. Si può impostare in modo simile l’orientamento dei numeri di corda e delle diteggiature della mano destra.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up left down) <f\3 a\2 c\1>1 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(down right up) <c\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2 c'\rightHandFinger #4 > }
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Creare un gruppetto ritardato
Creare un gruppetto ritardato, dove la nota più bassa del gruppetto usa
l’alterazione, richiede vari \override. La proprietà
outside-staff-priority
deve essere impostata su #f
, perché
altrimenti questa avrebbe la precedenza sulla proprietà avoid-slur
.
Cambiando la frazione 2/3
si aggiusta la posizione orizzontale.
\relative c'' { \after 2*2/3 \turn c2( d4) r | \after 4 \turn c4.( d8) \after 4 { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.avoid-slur = #'inside \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.font-size = -3 \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.script-priority = -1 \once \hideNotes cis8\turn \noBeam } d4.( e8) }
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Creating blank staves
To create blank staves, generate empty measures then remove the
Bar_number_engraver
from the Score
context, and the
Time_signature_engraver
, Clef_engraver
and
Bar_engraver
from the Staff
context.
#(set-global-staff-size 20) \score { { \repeat unfold 12 { s1 \break } } \layout { indent = 0\in \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } } % uncomment these lines for "letter" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "letter") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 7.5\in left-margin = 0.5\in bottom-margin = 0.25\in top-margin = 0.25\in } %} % uncomment these lines for "A4" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "a4") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 180 left-margin = 15 bottom-margin = 10 top-margin = 10 } %}
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Creating double-digit fingerings
Creating fingerings larger than 5 is possible.
\relative c' { c1-10 c1-50 c1-36 c1-29 }
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Direzione predefinita dei gambi sulla linea centrale del rigo
La direzione predefinita dei gambi sulla linea centrale del rigo si
imposta con la proprietà neutral-direction
dell’oggetto Stem
.
\relative c'' { a4 b c b \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up a4 b c b \override Stem.neutral-direction = #down a4 b c b }
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Different font size settings for instrumentName and shortInstrumentName
Choose different font sizes for instrumentName and shortInstrumentName as a context override.
InstrumentNameFontSize = #(define-music-function (font-size-pair)(pair?) "Sets the @code{font-size} of @code{InstrumentName}. The font-size for the initial @code{instrumentName} is taken from the first value in @var{font-size-pair}. @code{shortInstrumentName} will get the second value of @var{font-size-pair}. " ;; This code could be changed/extended to set different values for each ;; occurance of `shortInstrumentName' #{ \override InstrumentName.after-line-breaking = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((orig (ly:grob-original grob)) (siblings (if (ly:grob? orig) (ly:spanner-broken-into orig) '()))) (if (pair? siblings) (begin (ly:grob-set-property! (car siblings) 'font-size (car font-size-pair)) (for-each (lambda (g) (ly:grob-set-property! g 'font-size (cdr font-size-pair))) (cdr siblings)))))) #}) \layout { \context { \Staff \InstrumentNameFontSize #'(6 . -3) } } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Flute" shortInstrumentName = "Fl." } { c''1 \break c'' \break c'' } \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin" shortInstrumentName = "Vl." } { c''1 \break c'' \break c'' } >>
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Drawing boxes around grobs
The print-function
can be overridden to draw a box around an
arbitrary grob.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.3 ly:text-interface::print) c'4^"foo" \override Stem.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.05 0.25 ly:stem::print) \override Score.RehearsalMark.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.15 0.3 ly:text-interface::print) b8 \revert Stem.stencil \revert Flag.stencil c4. c4 \mark \default c1 }
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Drawing circles around note heads
Here is how to circle a note.
circle = \once \override NoteHead.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((note (ly:note-head::print grob)) (combo-stencil (ly:stencil-add note (circle-stencil note 0.1 0.8)))) (ly:make-stencil (ly:stencil-expr combo-stencil) (ly:stencil-extent note X) (ly:stencil-extent note Y)))) { \circle c'' }
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Drawing circles around various objects
The \circle
markup command draws circles around various
objects, for example fingering indications. For other objects,
specific tweaks may be required: this example demonstrates two
strategies for rehearsal marks and measure numbers.
\relative c' { c1 \set Score.rehearsalMarkFormatter = #(lambda (mark context) (make-circle-markup (format-mark-numbers mark context))) \mark \default c2 d^\markup { \override #'(thickness . 3) { \circle \finger 2 } } \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #all-visible \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) }
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Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block
PostScript code can be directly inserted inside a \markup
block.
% PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. \relative c'' { a4-\markup { \postscript "3 4 moveto 5 3 rlineto stroke" } -\markup { \postscript "[ 0 1 ] 0 setdash 3 5 moveto 5 -3 rlineto stroke " } b4-\markup { \postscript "3 4 moveto 0 0 1 2 8 4 20 3.5 rcurveto stroke" } s2 a'1 }
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Modificare l’aspetto delle linee della griglia
L’aspetto delle linee della griglia può essere modificato sovrascrivendo alcune delle loro proprietà.
\score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \relative c'' { \stemUp c'4. d8 e8 f g4 } } \new Staff { \relative c { % this moves them up one staff space from the default position \override Score.GridLine.extra-offset = #'(0.0 . 1.0) \stemDown \clef bass \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #5.0 c4 \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #1.0 g'4 \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #3.0 f4 \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #5.0 e4 } } >> \layout { \context { \Staff % set up grids \consists "Grid_point_engraver" % set the grid interval to one quarter note gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1/4) } \context { \Score \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver" % this moves them to the right half a staff space \override NoteColumn.X-offset = #-0.5 } } }
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Grid lines: emphasizing rhythms and notes synchronization
Regular vertical lines can be drawn between staves to show note synchronization; however, in case of monophonic music, you may want to make the second stave invisible, and make the lines shorter like in this snippet.
\score { \new ChoirStaff { \relative c'' << \new Staff { \time 12/8 \stemUp c4. d8 e8 f g4 f8 e8. d16 c8 } \new Staff { % hides staff and notes so that only the grid lines are visible \hideNotes \hide Staff.BarLine \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-count = #0 \hide Staff.TimeSignature \hide Staff.Clef % dummy notes to force regular note spacing \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #4.0 c8 c c \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #3.0 c8 c c \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #4.0 c8 c c \once \override Score.GridLine.thickness = #3.0 c8 c c } >> } \layout { \context { \Score \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver" % center grid lines horizontally below note heads \override NoteColumn.X-offset = #-0.5 } \context { \Staff \consists "Grid_point_engraver" gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) % set line length and positioning: % two staff spaces above center line on hidden staff % to four spaces below center line on visible staff \override GridPoint.Y-extent = #'(2 . -4) } ragged-right = ##t } }
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Martellato e strappato
Il martellato (hammer on) e lo strappato (pull off) si possono ottenere con le legature di portamento.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { d4( e\2) a( g) } }
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Martellato e strappato usando accordi
Quando il martellato o lo strappato si applicano a delle note in un accordo, viene disegnato
un solo arco. Ma è possibile avere un “doppio arco” impostando la proprietà
doubleSlurs
su #t
.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { % chord hammer-on and pull-off \set doubleSlurs = ##t <g' b>8( <a c> <g b>) } }
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Martellato e strappato usando le voci
L’arco del martellato o dello strappato è rivolto in alto nella prima e terza voce, mentre è rivolto in basso nella seconda e quarta voce.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { << { \voiceOne g2( a) } \\ { \voiceTwo a,( b) } >> \oneVoice } }
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Rendere alcune linee del rigo più spesse delle altre
In ambito didattico può essere utile rendere più spesso una linea del
rigo (per esempio, la linea centrale, o per sottolineare la linea
della chiave di Sol). Per farlo si possono aggiungere altre linee
e posizionarle molto vicino alla linea che deve essere evidenziata,
usando la proprietà line-positions
dell’oggetto StaffSymbol
.
{ \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-4 -2 -0.2 0 0.2 2 4) d'4 e' f' g' }
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Marking notes of spoken parts with a cross on the stem (Sprechstimme)
This example shows how to put crosses on stems. Mark the beginning of
a spoken section with the \speakOn
keyword, and end it with the
\speakOff
keyword.
speakOn = { \override Stem.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((x-parent (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (is-rest? (ly:grob? (ly:grob-object x-parent 'rest)))) (if is-rest? empty-stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:stem::print grob) Y (- (ly:grob-property grob 'direction)) (grob-interpret-markup grob (markup #:center-align #:fontsize -4 #:musicglyph "noteheads.s2cross")) -2.3)))) } speakOff = { \revert Stem.stencil \revert Flag.stencil } \score { \new Staff { \relative c'' { a4 b a c \speakOn g4 f r g b4 r d e \speakOff c4 a g f } } }
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Measure counter
This snippet provides a workaround for emitting measure counters using transparent percent repeats.
<< \context Voice = "foo" { \clef bass c4 r g r c4 r g r c4 r g r c4 r g r } \context Voice = "foo" { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \hide PercentRepeat \override PercentRepeatCounter.staff-padding = #1 \repeat percent 4 { s1 } } >>
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Measure spanner
Measure spanners are an alternate way to print annotated brackets. As opposed to horizontal brackets, they extend between two bar lines rather than two notes. The text is displayed in the center of the bracket.
\paper { tagline = ##f } \layout { \context { \Staff \consists Measure_spanner_engraver } } << \new Staff \relative c'' { \key d \minor R1*2 \tweak text "Answer" \startMeasureSpanner \tuplet 3/2 8 { a16[ b c] d[ c b] c[ d e] f[ e d] } e8 a gis g fis f e d~ d c b e \stopMeasureSpanner } \new Staff \relative c' { \key d \minor \tweak text "Subject" \tweak direction #DOWN \startMeasureSpanner \tuplet 3/2 8 { d16[ e f] g[ f e] f[ g a] bes[ a g] } a8 d cis c b bes a g~ g f e a \stopMeasureSpanner \tweak text "Counter-subject" \tweak direction #DOWN \startMeasureSpanner f8 e a r r16 b, c d e fis g e a gis a b c fis, b a gis e a4 g8 \stopMeasureSpanner } >>
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Numbering groups of measures
This snippet demonstrates the use of the
Measure_counter_engraver
to number groups of successive
measures. Any stretch of measures may be numbered, whether consisting
of repetitions or not.
The engraver must be added to the appropriate context. Here, a
Staff
context is used; another possibility is a Dynamics
context.
The counter is begun with \startMeasureCount
and ended with
\stopMeasureCount
. Numbering will start by default with
1
, but this behavior may be modified by overriding the
count-from
property.
When a measure extends across a line break, the number will appear twice, the second time in parentheses.
\layout { \context { \Staff \consists #Measure_counter_engraver } } \new Staff { \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \stopMeasureCount \bar "||" g'4 f' e' d' \override Staff.MeasureCounter.count-from = #2 \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 5 { g'4 f' e' d' } g'4 f' \bar "" \break e'4 d' \repeat unfold 7 { g'4 f' e' d' } \stopMeasureCount }
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Positioning fingering indications precisely
Generally the options available for positioning the fingering of chords work well by default, but if one of the indications needs to positioned more precisely the following tweak may be used. This is particularly useful for correcting the positioning when intervals of a second are involved.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 d-2 a'-5>4 <c-1 d-\tweak extra-offset #'(0 . 0.2)-2 a'-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 d-2 a'-5>4 <c-\tweak extra-offset #'(0 . -1.1)-1 d-\tweak extra-offset #'(-1.2 . -1.8)-2 a'-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 d-\tweak extra-offset #'(-0.3 . 0)-2 a'-5>4 <c-1 d-\tweak extra-offset #'(-1 . 1.2)-2 a'-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 d-\tweak extra-offset #'(0 . 1.1)-2 a'-\tweak extra-offset #'(0 . 1)-5>4 <c-1 d-\tweak extra-offset #'(-1.2 . 1.5)-2 a'-\tweak extra-offset #'(0 . 1.4)-5>4 }
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Posizionare il testo a margine dentro le legature di portamento
I testi a margine devono avere la proprietà outside-staff-priority
impostata su false per poter apparire dentro le legature di portamento.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c2(^\markup { \halign #-10 \natural } d4.) c8 }
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Printing text from right to left
It is possible to print text from right to left in a markup object, as demonstrated here.
{ b1^\markup { \line { i n g i r u m i m u s n o c t e } } f'_\markup { \override #'(text-direction . -1) \line { i n g i r u m i m u s n o c t e } } }
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String number extender lines
Make an extender line for string number indications, showing that a series of notes is supposed to be played all on the same string.
stringNumberSpanner = #(define-music-function (StringNumber) (string?) #{ \override TextSpanner.style = #'solid \override TextSpanner.font-size = #-5 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \circle \number $StringNumber } #}) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \stringNumberSpanner "5" \textSpannerDown a8\startTextSpan b c d e f\stopTextSpan \stringNumberSpanner "4" g\startTextSpan a bes4 a g2\stopTextSpan }
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Using PostScript to generate special note head shapes
When a note head with a special shape cannot easily be generated with graphic markup, PostScript code can be used to generate the shape. This example shows how a parallelogram-shaped note head is generated.
parallelogram = #(ly:make-stencil (list 'embedded-ps "gsave currentpoint translate newpath 0 0.25 moveto 1.3125 0.75 lineto 1.3125 -0.25 lineto 0 -0.75 lineto closepath fill grestore" ) (cons 0 1.3125) (cons -.75 .75)) myNoteHeads = \override NoteHead.stencil = \parallelogram normalNoteHeads = \revert NoteHead.stencil \relative c'' { \myNoteHeads g4 d' \normalNoteHeads <f, \tweak stencil \parallelogram b e>4 d }
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Uso della proprietà whiteout
Qualsiasi oggetto grafico può essere posizionato sopra uno sfondo
bianco per mascherare parti degli oggetti che si trovano sotto.
Ciò può essere utile per migliorare l’aspetto delle collisioni in
situazioni complesse in cui il riposizionamento degli oggetti è
troppo difficile. Bisogna impostare esplicitamente la proprietà
layer
(livello) per controllare quali oggetti debbano essere
mascherati dallo sfondo bianco.
In questo esempio la collisione della legatura di valore con l’indicazione
di tempo viene migliorata mascherando la parte della legatura che incrocia
l’indicazione di tempo impostando la proprietà whiteout
di
TimeSignature
. Per farlo si sposta TimeSignature
su un
livello superiore a Tie
, che viene lasciato al livello predefinito 1;
e StaffSymbol
viene spostato su un livello superiore a TimeSignature
in modo che non venga mascherato.
{ \override Score.StaffSymbol.layer = #4 \override Staff.TimeSignature.layer = #3 b'2 b'~ \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.whiteout = ##t \time 3/4 b' r4 }
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Text
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Adding a QR code
This snippet lets you draw a QR-code, for example to provide a link to the composer’s, or the music editor’s website. Actually encoding the URL into a QR-code is not done here (this just draws the QR-code from a grid of "black" or "white" values), but see the code for a short Python snippet you can use to avoid having to fill for each small square if it’s black or white.
%% Original thread: https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user-fr/2022-07/msg00005.html %% (snippet author: Jean Abou Samra <jean@abou-samra.fr>) \paper { tagline = ##f } #(define (index-map f . lsts) "Applies @code{f} to corresponding elements of @code{lists}, just as @code{map}, providing an additional counter starting at zero. @code{f} needs to have the counter in its arguments like @code{(index-map (lambda (i arg) <body>) lists)}" (let loop ((lsts lsts) (acc '()) (i 0)) (if (any null? lsts) (reverse! acc) (loop (map cdr lsts) (cons (apply f i (map car lsts)) acc) (1+ i))))) #(define-markup-command (qr-code layout props data) (string?) #:properties ((width 10)) (let* (;; Return lines in reversed order, since translating in Y-axis ;; uses increasing values. Meaning lines will be stacked upwards. (lines (reverse (remove string-null? (map string-trim-both (string-split data #\newline))))) (n (length lines)) (square-width (/ width n)) (box (make-filled-box-stencil `(0 . ,square-width) `(0 . ,square-width)))) ;; Build the final qr-code-stencil from line-stencils list (apply ly:stencil-add ;; Get a list of line-stencils (index-map (lambda (i line) ;; Build a line-stencil from square-stencils list (apply ly:stencil-add ;; Get a list of (already translated) square-stencils ;; per line (index-map (lambda (j char) (ly:stencil-translate (stencil-with-color box (case char ((#\0) white) ((#\1) black) (else (ly:warning "unrecognized character ~a, should be 0 or 1" char) red))) (cons (* j square-width) (* i square-width)))) (string->list line)))) lines)))) %{ A string representation of the QR code. 0 means white, 1 means black. You can generate this automatically using Python and the pyqrcode module ("pip install pyqrcode"). Use this line of code in a Python prompt: >>> import pyqrcode; print(pyqrcode.create("https://lilypond.org").text(quiet_zone=0)) %} lilypondDotOrg = "11111110011100011110101111111 10000010010000010111101000001 10111010010110001000101011101 10111010001010111101001011101 10111010110100000111001011101 10000010011100011001101000001 11111110101010101010101111111 00000000111000111110100000000 00110011101100001000111010000 10101001111000001000001111101 00110111010100000110001011010 01010001100110010111000110001 01111011110010011110010100111 01111101001101010001001101101 01111011000001000011001111011 11001001001011001000111011010 11100110111011011001110111000 00001100010001001011100100100 10111111011001010011001000100 00001100001000101011011011100 01010010000011000000111111111 00000000110011100010100011001 11111110101001101011101010110 10000010000110111110100010011 10111010011010111100111111111 10111010110001101111000011110 10111010100101101010100101001 10000010001001000100000010010 11111110010100110010111100010" \markup \qr-code \lilypondDotOrg \markup \vspace #5 \markup \override #'(width . 15) \qr-code \lilypondDotOrg
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Adding markups in a tablature
By default markups does not show in a tablature.
To make them appear, simply use the command
\revert TabStaff.TextScript.stencil
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=919 % by P.P.Schneider on June 2014 high = { r4 r8 <g c'> q r8 r4 } low = { c4 r4 c8 r8 g,8 b, } pulse = { s8^"1" s^"&" s^"2" s^"&" s^"3" s^"&" s^"4" s^"&" } \score { \new TabStaff { \repeat unfold 2 << \high \\ \low \\ \pulse >> } \layout { \context { \TabStaff \clef moderntab \revert TextScript.stencil \override TextScript.font-series = #'bold \override TextScript.font-size = #-2 \override TextScript.color = #red } \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) } } }
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Adding the current date to a score
With a little Scheme code, the current date can easily be added to a score.
% first, define a variable to hold the formatted date: date = #(strftime "%d-%m-%Y" (localtime (current-time))) % use it in the title block: \header { title = "Including the date!" subtitle = \date } \score { \relative c'' { c4 c c c } } % and use it in a \markup block: \markup { \date }
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Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
This snippet shows how to bring the lyrics line closer to the staff.
% Default layout: << \new Staff \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } \new Staff { \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } } % Reducing the minimum space below the staff and above the lyrics: \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 1)) } \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } >>
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Aligning and centering instrument names
The horizontal alignment of instrument names is tweaked by changing the
Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X
property. The
\layout
variables indent
and short-indent
define
the space in which the instrument names are aligned before the first
and the following systems, respectively.
\paper { left-margin = 3\cm } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT instrumentName = \markup \left-column { "Left aligned" "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Left" } { c''1 \break c''1 } \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #CENTER instrumentName = \markup \center-column { Centered "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Centered" } { g'1 g'1} \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT instrumentName = \markup \right-column { "Right aligned" "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Right" } { e'1 e'1 } >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t indent = 4\cm short-indent = 2\cm } }
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Aligning syllables with melisma
By default, lyrics syllables that start a melisma are left aligned on
their note. The alignment can be altered using the
lyricMelismaAlignment
property.
\score { << \new Staff { \relative c'' \new Voice = "vocal" { c d~^\markup default d e c d~^\markup "right aligned" d e c d~^\markup "center aligned" d e c d~^\markup "reset to default" d e } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "vocal" { word word word \set lyricMelismaAlignment = #RIGHT word word word \set lyricMelismaAlignment = #CENTER word word word \unset lyricMelismaAlignment word word word } >> }
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Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command
The \whiteout
command underlays a markup with a white
box. Since staff lines are in a lower layer than most other grobs,
this white box will not overlap any other grob.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { \override TextScript.extra-offset = #'(2 . 4) c2-\markup { \whiteout \pad-markup #0.5 "middle C" } c }
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Center text below hairpin dynamics
This example provides a function to typeset a hairpin (de)crescendo with some additional text below it, such as “molto” or “poco”. The added text will change the direction according to the direction of the hairpin. The Hairpin is aligned to DynamicText.
The example also illustrates how to modify the way an object is normally printed, using some Scheme code.
\paper { tagline = ##f } hairpinWithCenteredText = #(define-music-function (text) (markup?) #{ \once \override Voice.Hairpin.after-line-breaking = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((stencil (ly:hairpin::print grob)) (par-y (ly:grob-parent grob Y)) (dir (ly:grob-property par-y 'direction)) (staff-line-thickness (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'line-thickness)) (new-stencil (ly:stencil-aligned-to (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:stencil-aligned-to stencil X CENTER) Y dir (ly:stencil-aligned-to (grob-interpret-markup grob (make-fontsize-markup (magnification->font-size (+ (ly:staff-symbol-staff-space grob) (/ staff-line-thickness 2))) text)) X CENTER)) X LEFT)) (staff-space (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'staff-space)) (par-x (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (dyn-text (grob::has-interface par-x 'dynamic-text-interface)) (dyn-text-stencil-x-length (if dyn-text (interval-length (ly:stencil-extent (ly:grob-property par-x 'stencil) X)) 0)) (x-shift (if dyn-text (- (+ staff-space dyn-text-stencil-x-length) (* 0.5 staff-line-thickness)) 0))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'Y-offset 0) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil (ly:stencil-translate-axis new-stencil x-shift X)))) #}) hairpinMolto = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \italic molto } hairpinMore = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \larger moltissimo } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { \hairpinMolto c2\< c\f \hairpinMore c2\ppppp\< c\f \break \hairpinMolto c2^\< c\f \hairpinMore c2\ppppp\< c\f }
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Changing ottava text
Internally, \ottava
sets the properties ottavation
(for
example, to 8va
or 8vb
) and middleCPosition
. To
override the text of the bracket, set ottavation
after invoking
\ottava
.
Short text is especially useful when a brief ottava is used.
{ c'2 \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"8" c''2 \ottava #0 c'1 \ottava #1 \set Staff.ottavation = #"Text" c''1 }
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Changing the default text font family
The default font families for text can be overridden with
make-pango-font-tree
.
%{ You may have to install additional fonts. Red Hat Fedora dejavu-fonts-all Debian GNU/Linux, Ubuntu fonts-dejavu-core fonts-dejavu-extra %} \paper { % change for other default global staff size. myStaffSize = #20 %{ run lilypond -dshow-available-fonts to show all fonts available in the process log. %} #(define fonts (make-pango-font-tree "DejaVu Serif" "DejaVu Sans" "DejaVu Sans Mono" (/ myStaffSize 20))) } { g'''4^\markup { DejaVu Serif: \bold bold \italic italic \italic \bold { bold italic } } g4_\markup { \override #'(font-family . sans) { DejaVu Sans: \bold bold \italic italic \italic \bold { bold italic } } } g''2^\markup { \override #'(font-family . typewriter) { DejaVu Sans Mono: \bold bold \italic italic \italic \bold { bold italic } } } }
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Combining dynamics with markup texts
Some dynamics may involve text indications (such as “più forte” or
“piano subito”). These can be produced using a \markup
block.
piuF = \markup { \italic più \dynamic f } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c2\f c-\piuF }
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Combinare due parti sullo stesso rigo
Lo strumento di unione delle parti (il comando \partCombine
) permette
di combinare varie parti sullo stesso rigo. Indicazioni testuali come
“solo” e “a2” sono aggiunte automaticamente; per toglierele basta
impostare la proprietà printPartCombineTexts
su f
.
Per le partiture vocali (inni), non c’è bisogno di aggiungere i testi
“solo/a2”, quindi dovrebbero essere disattivati. Tuttavia potrebbe
convenire non usarlo se c’è una qualche parte solista, perché non
verrebbe indicata. In tali casi è preferibile usare la notazione
polifonica normale.
Questo frammento illustra i tre modi con cui due parti possono essere stampate
su uno stesso rigo: normale polifonia, \partCombine
senza testo e
\partCombine
con testo.
%% Combining pedal notes with clef changes musicUp = \relative c'' { \time 4/4 a4 c4.( g8) a4 | g4 e' g,( a8 b) | c b a2. } musicDown = \relative c'' { g4 e4.( d8) c4 | r2 g'4( f8 e) | d2 \stemDown a } \score { << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Standard polyphony" } << \musicUp \\ \musicDown >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "PartCombine without text" printPartCombineTexts = ##f } \partCombine \musicUp \musicDown \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "PartCombine with text" } \partCombine \musicUp \musicDown >> \layout { indent = 6.0\cm \context { \Score \override SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #30 } } }
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Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics
Although the easiest way to add parentheses to a dynamic mark is to use
a \markup
block, this method has a downside: the created
objects will behave like text markups, and not like dynamics.
However, it is possible to create a similar object using the equivalent
Scheme code (as described in the Notation Reference), combined with the
make-dynamic-script
function. This way, the markup will be
regarded as a dynamic, and therefore will remain compatible with
commands such as \dynamicUp
or \dynamicDown
.
paren = #(define-event-function (dyn) (ly:event?) (make-dynamic-script #{ \markup \concat { \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 ( \pad-x #0.2 #(ly:music-property dyn 'text) \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 ) } #})) \relative c'' { c4\paren\f c c \dynamicUp c\paren\p }
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Creating text spanners
The \startTextSpan
and \stopTextSpan
commands allow the
creation of text spanners as easily as pedal indications or
octavations. Override some properties of the TextSpanner
object
to modify its output.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"bla" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"blu" a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . -2) } \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-2 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-13 \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #10 \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.5 \override TextSpanner.thickness = #10 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan }
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Demonstrating all headers
All header fields with special meanings.
\header { copyright = "copyright" title = "title" subtitle = "subtitle" composer = "composer" arranger = "arranger" instrument = "instrument" meter = "meter" opus = "opus" piece = "piece" poet = "poet" texidoc = "All header fields with special meanings." copyright = "public domain" enteredby = "jcn" source = "urtext" } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } \header { title = "localtitle" subtitle = "localsubtitle" composer = "localcomposer" arranger = "localarranger" instrument = "localinstrument" metre = "localmetre" opus = "localopus" piece = "localpiece" poet = "localpoet" copyright = "localcopyright" } }
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Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block
PostScript code can be directly inserted inside a \markup
block.
% PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Inc. \relative c'' { a4-\markup { \postscript "3 4 moveto 5 3 rlineto stroke" } -\markup { \postscript "[ 0 1 ] 0 setdash 3 5 moveto 5 -3 rlineto stroke " } b4-\markup { \postscript "3 4 moveto 0 0 1 2 8 4 20 3.5 rcurveto stroke" } s2 a'1 }
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Formattazione delle sillabe del testo vocale
La modalità markup può essere usata per formattare le singole sillabe del testo vocale.
mel = \relative c'' { c4 c c c } lyr = \lyricmode { Lyrics \markup { \italic can } \markup { \with-color #red contain } \markup { \fontsize #8 \bold Markup! } } << \new Voice = melody \mel \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody \lyr >>
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How to put ties between syllables in lyrics
This can be achieved by separating those syllables by tildes.
\lyrics { wa~o~a }
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Allineamento del testo vocale
L’allineamento orizzontale del testo vocale si imposta attraverso la
proprietà self-alignment-X
dell’oggetto LyricText
.
#-1
è sinistra, #0
è centro e #1
è destra;
si possono usare anche #LEFT
, #CENTER
e #RIGHT
.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c1 c1 c1 } \addlyrics { \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #LEFT "This is left-aligned" \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #CENTER "This is centered" \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #1 "This is right-aligned" }
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Markup list
Text that can spread over pages is entered with the \markuplist
command.
%% updated/modified by P.P.Schneider on Feb. 2014 #(set-default-paper-size "a6") #(define-markup-list-command (paragraph layout props args) (markup-list?) (interpret-markup-list layout props (make-justified-lines-markup-list (cons (make-hspace-markup 2) args)))) % Candide, Voltaire \markuplist { \override-lines #'(baseline-skip . 2.5) { \paragraph { Il y avait en Westphalie, dans le château de M. le baron de Thunder-ten-tronckh, un jeune garçon à qui la nature avait donné les mœurs les plus douces. Sa physionomie annonçait son âme. Il avait le jugement assez droit, avec l'esprit le plus \concat { simple \hspace #.3 ; } c'est, je crois, pour cette raison qu'on le nommait Candide. Les anciens domestiques de la maison soupçonnaient qu'il était fils de la sœur de monsieur le baron et d'un bon et honnête gentilhomme du voisinage, que cette demoiselle ne voulut jamais épouser parce qu'il n'avait pu prouver que soixante et onze quartiers, et que le reste de son arbre généalogique avait été perdu par l'injure du temps. } \vspace #.3 \paragraph { Monsieur le baron était un des plus puissants seigneurs de la Westphalie, car son château avait une porte et des fenêtres. Sa grande salle même était ornée d'une tapisserie. Tous les chiens de ses basses-cours composaient une meute dans le \concat { besoin \hspace #.3 ; } ses palefreniers étaient ses \concat { piqueurs \hspace #.3 ; } le vicaire du village était son grand-aumônier. Ils l'appelaient tous monseigneur, et ils riaient quand il faisait des contes. } } }
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Testo a margine delle pause multiple
Il testo a margine di una pausa multipla viene centrato sopra o sotto di essa. Se il testo è lungo, la misura non si espanderà. Per espandere la pausa multipla in modo che si allinei col testo, conviene usare un accordo vuoto con del testo attaccato prima della pausa multipla.
Il testo così attaccato a una nota spaziatrice viene allineato a sinistra della posizione in cui la nota sarebbe posta nella misura, ma se la lunghezza della misura è determinata dalla lunghezza del testo, il testo verrà centrato.
\relative c' { \compressMMRests { \textLengthOn <>^\markup { [MAJOR GENERAL] } R1*19 <>_\markup { \italic { Cue: ... it is yours } } <>^\markup { A } R1*30^\markup { [MABEL] } \textLengthOff c4^\markup { CHORUS } d f c } }
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Of the ubiquity of markup objects
Text objects are entered either as simple strings between double quotes
or as \markup
blocks that can accept a variety of advanced text
formatting and graphical enhancements.
As such, markup blocks may be used:
-
in any TextScript object (attached to notes with
-
,^
or_
), -
any
TextMark
introduced with the\textMark
or\textEndMark
command, or other similar objects such as MetronomeMark introduced with\tempo
, -
as standalone markup blocks, entered at the top level outside of any
\score
block, -
in any definition inside the
\header
block (e.g. title, subtitle, composer) or in some variables defined inside the\paper
block such asevenHeaderMarkup
for page numbers.
\markup
may additionally be used for lyrics, in chord names,
and as dynamics. In fact, it is possible to use \markup
to
customize the appearance of virtually any object, as demonstrated in
this example using various methods.
%% Thanks to Aaron Hill https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2019-01/msg00437.html \paper { paper-width = 8\cm paper-height = 8\cm } \header { title = \markup "Header" tagline = \markup "(tagline)" } \markup "Top-level markup" dyn = #(make-dynamic-script #{ \markup \text "DynamicText" #}) \score { << \new ChordNames \with { majorSevenSymbol = \markup "majorSevenSymbol" } \chordmode { c1:maj7 } \new Staff { \tempo \markup "MetronomeMark" \textMark "TextMark" \once \override TupletNumber.text = \markup "TupletNumber" \tuplet 3/2 { \once \override NoteHead.stencil = #ly:text-interface::print \once \override NoteHead.text = \markup \lower #0.5 "NoteHead" c''8^\markup "TextScript" \once \override Rest.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup "Rest" #})) r4 } } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { \markup "LyricText" 1 } \new Dynamics { s1\dyn } >> }
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Outputting the version number
It is possible to print the version number of LilyPond in markup.
\markup { Processed with LilyPond version #(lilypond-version) }
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Modello per pianoforte con testo al centro
Invece di destinare un rigo a parte alla linea melodica e al suo testo, è possibile collocare il testo al centro di un doppio pentagramma per pianoforte.
upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = upper { \new Voice = "singer" \upper } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "singer" \text \new Staff = lower { \lower } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Stampare i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari variabili
Tramite la funzione di contesto {set-bar-number-visibility}
si possono modificare gli intervalli dei numeri di battuta.
\relative c' { \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \context Score \applyContext #(set-bar-number-visibility 4) \repeat unfold 10 c'1 \context Score \applyContext #(set-bar-number-visibility 2) \repeat unfold 10 c }
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Stampare le indicazioni su ogni rigo
Sebbene le indicazioni testuali siano di norma collocate solo sopra il rigo più alto, è possibile farle apparire su ogni rigo.
\score { << \new Staff { \mark \default c''1 \textMark "molto" c'' } \new Staff { \mark \default c'1 \textMark "molto" c' } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove Mark_engraver \remove Text_mark_engraver \remove Staff_collecting_engraver } \context { \Staff \consists Mark_engraver \consists Text_mark_engraver \consists Staff_collecting_engraver } } }
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Printing text from right to left
It is possible to print text from right to left in a markup object, as demonstrated here.
{ b1^\markup { \line { i n g i r u m i m u s n o c t e } } f'_\markup { \override #'(text-direction . -1) \line { i n g i r u m i m u s n o c t e } } }
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Putting lyrics inside the staff
Lyrics can be moved vertically to place them inside the staff. The
lyrics are moved with
\override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . dy)
and there are
similar commands to move the extenders and hyphens. The offset needed
is established with trial and error.
<< \new Staff << \new Voice = "voc" \relative c' { \stemDown a bes c8 b c4 } >> \new Lyrics \with { \override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) \override LyricExtender.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) \override LyricHyphen.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) } \lyricsto "voc" { La la -- la __ _ la } >>
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Testo separato su due colonne
Il testo separato può essere disposto su varie colonne con i comandi di
\markup
:
\markup { \fill-line { \hspace #1 \column { \line { O sacrum convivium } \line { in quo Christus sumitur, } \line { recolitur memoria passionis ejus, } \line { mens impletur gratia, } \line { futurae gloriae nobis pignus datur. } \line { Amen. } } \hspace #2 \column \italic { \line { O sacred feast } \line { in which Christ is received, } \line { the memory of His Passion is renewed, } \line { the mind is filled with grace, } \line { and a pledge of future glory is given to us. } \line { Amen. } } \hspace #1 } }
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String number extender lines
Make an extender line for string number indications, showing that a series of notes is supposed to be played all on the same string.
stringNumberSpanner = #(define-music-function (StringNumber) (string?) #{ \override TextSpanner.style = #'solid \override TextSpanner.font-size = #-5 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \circle \number $StringNumber } #}) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \stringNumberSpanner "5" \textSpannerDown a8\startTextSpan b c d e f\stopTextSpan \stringNumberSpanner "4" g\startTextSpan a bes4 a g2\stopTextSpan }
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Three-sided box
This example shows how to add a markup command to get a three sided box around some text (or other markup).
% New command to add a three sided box, with sides north, west and south % Based on the box-stencil command defined in scm/stencil.scm % Note that ";;" is used to comment a line in Scheme #(define-public (NWS-box-stencil stencil thickness padding) "Add a box around STENCIL, producing a new stencil." (let* ((x-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil X) padding)) (y-ext (interval-widen (ly:stencil-extent stencil Y) padding)) (y-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (cons 0 thickness) y-ext)) (x-rule (make-filled-box-stencil (interval-widen x-ext thickness) (cons 0 thickness)))) ;; (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X 1 y-rule padding)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil X LEFT y-rule padding)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y UP x-rule 0.0)) (set! stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge stencil Y DOWN x-rule 0.0)) stencil)) % The corresponding markup command, based on the \box command defined % in scm/define-markup-commands.scm #(define-markup-command (NWS-box layout props arg) (markup?) #:properties ((thickness 0.1) (font-size 0) (box-padding 0.2)) "Draw a box round @var{arg}. Looks at @code{thickness}, @code{box-padding} and @code{font-size} properties to determine line thickness and padding around the markup." (let ((pad (* (magstep font-size) box-padding)) (m (interpret-markup layout props arg))) (NWS-box-stencil m thickness pad))) % Test it: \relative c' { c1^\markup { \NWS-box ABCD } c1^\markup { \NWS-box \note {4} #1.0 } }
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UTF-8
Various scripts may be used for texts (like titles and lyrics) by entering them in UTF-8 encoding, and using a Pango based backend. Depending on the fonts installed, this fragment will render Bulgarian (Cyrillic), Hebrew, Japanese and Portuguese.
%{ You may have to install additional fonts. Red Hat Fedora linux-libertine-fonts (Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew) google-noto-serif-jp-fonts (Japanese) Debian GNU/Linux, Ubuntu fonts-linuxlibertine (Latin, Cyrillic, Hebrew) fonts-noto-cjk (Japanese) %} % 'Linux Libertine' fonts also contain Cyrillic and Hebrew glyphs. \paper { #(define fonts (set-global-fonts #:roman "Linux Libertine O, Noto Serif CJK JP, Noto Serif JP" )) } bulgarian = \lyricmode { Жълтата дюля беше щастлива, че пухът, който цъфна, замръзна като гьон. } hebrew = \lyricmode { זה כיף סתם לשמוע איך תנצח קרפד עץ טוב בגן. } japanese = \lyricmode { いろはにほへど ちりぬるを わがよたれぞ つねならむ うゐのおくや まけふこえて あさきゆめみじ ゑひもせず } % "a nice song for you" portuguese = \lyricmode { à vo -- cê uma can -- ção le -- gal } \relative c' { c2 d e2 f g2 f e2 d } \addlyrics { \bulgarian } \addlyrics { \hebrew } \addlyrics { \japanese } \addlyrics { \portuguese }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
Questo modello è fondamentalmente analogo al semplice modello “Complesso vocale”,
con l’unica differenza che qui tutti i versi del testo sono posizionati
usando alignAboveContext
e alignBelowContext
.
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative c'' { c4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative c' { e4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative c' { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative c { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords % we could remove the line about this with the line below, since % we want the alto lyrics to be below the alto Voice anyway. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords % again, we could replace the line above this with the line below. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> }
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Volta text markup using repeatCommands
Though volte are best specified using \repeat volta
, the
context property repeatCommands
must be used in cases where the
volta text needs more advanced formatting with \markup
.
Since repeatCommands
takes a list, the simplest method of
including markup is to use an identifier for the text and embed it in
the command list using the Scheme syntax
#(list (list 'volta textIdentifier))
. Start- and end-repeat
commands can be added as separate list elements:
voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } } \relative c'' { c1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list (list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat) c4 b d e \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat) f1 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f)) }
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Vocal music
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Un ambitus per voce
L’ambitus può essere specificato per voce. In tal caso occorre spostarlo manualmente per evitare collisioni.
\new Staff << \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c'' { \override Ambitus.X-offset = #2.0 \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
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Adding indicators to staves which get split after a break
This snippet defines the \splitStaffBarLine
,
convUpStaffBarLine
and convDownStaffBarLine
commands. These add arrows at a bar line, to denote that several
voices sharing a staff will each continue on a staff of their own in
the next system, or that voices split in this way recombine.
#(define-markup-command (arrow-at-angle layout props angle-deg length fill) (number? number? boolean?) (let* ( (PI-OVER-180 (/ (atan 1 1) 34)) (degrees->radians (lambda (degrees) (* degrees PI-OVER-180))) (angle-rad (degrees->radians angle-deg)) (target-x (* length (cos angle-rad))) (target-y (* length (sin angle-rad)))) (interpret-markup layout props (markup #:translate (cons (/ target-x 2) (/ target-y 2)) #:rotate angle-deg #:translate (cons (/ length -2) 0) #:concat (#:draw-line (cons length 0) #:arrow-head X RIGHT fill))))) splitStaffBarLineMarkup = \markup \with-dimensions #'(0 . 0) #'(0 . 0) { \combine \arrow-at-angle #45 #(sqrt 8) ##t \arrow-at-angle #-45 #(sqrt 8) ##t } splitStaffBarLine = { \once \override Staff.BarLine.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:bar-line::print grob) X RIGHT (grob-interpret-markup grob splitStaffBarLineMarkup) 0)) \break } convDownStaffBarLine = { \once \override Staff.BarLine.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:bar-line::print grob) X RIGHT (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\with-dimensions #'(0 . 0) #'(0 . 0) { \translate #'(0 . -.13)\arrow-at-angle #-45 #(sqrt 8) ##t }#}) 0)) \break } convUpStaffBarLine = { \once \override Staff.BarLine.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:bar-line::print grob) X RIGHT (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\with-dimensions #'(0 . 0) #'(0 . 0) { \translate #'(0 . .14)\arrow-at-angle #45 #(sqrt 8) ##t }#}) 0)) \break } \paper { ragged-right = ##t short-indent = 10\mm } separateSopranos = { \set Staff.instrumentName = "AI AII" \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "AI AII" \splitStaffBarLine \change Staff = "up" } convSopranos = { \convDownStaffBarLine \change Staff = "shared" \set Staff.instrumentName = "S A" \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "S A" } sI = { \voiceOne \repeat unfold 4 f''2 \separateSopranos \repeat unfold 4 g''2 \convSopranos \repeat unfold 4 c''2 } sII = { s1*2 \voiceTwo \change Staff = "up" \repeat unfold 4 d''2 } aI = { \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 a'2 \voiceOne \repeat unfold 4 b'2 \convUpStaffBarLine \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 g'2 } aII = { s1*2 \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 g'2 } ten = { \voiceOne \repeat unfold 4 c'2 \repeat unfold 4 d'2 \repeat unfold 4 c'2 } bas = { \voiceTwo \repeat unfold 4 f2 \repeat unfold 4 g2 \repeat unfold 4 c2 } \score { << \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = up \with { instrumentName = "SI SII" shortInstrumentName = "SI SII" } { s1*4 } \new Staff = shared \with { instrumentName = "S A" shortInstrumentName = "S A" } << \new Voice = sopI \sI \new Voice = sopII \sII \new Voice = altI \aI \new Voice = altII \aII >> \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = up } \lyricsto sopII { e f g h } \new Lyrics \lyricsto altI { a b c d e f g h i j k l } \new Staff = men \with { instrumentName = "T B" shortInstrumentName = "T B" } << \clef F \new Voice = ten \ten \new Voice = bas \bas >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto bas { a b c d e f g h i j k l } >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } }
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Aggiungere citazioni orchestrali a una partitura vocale
L’esempio seguente mostra un approccio per simplificare l’aggiunta di
citazioni orchestrali a una riduzione per pianoforte di una partitura
vocale. La funzione musicale \cueWhile
prende quattro argomenti:
la musica da cui prendere la citazione, come è definita da \addQuote
,
il nome da inserire prima delle notine, poi o #UP
o #DOWN
per
specificare o \voiceOne
col nome sopra il rigo o \voiceTwo
col nome sotto il rigo, e infine la musica per pianoforte che deve apparire
in parallelo alle notine. Il nome dello strumento citato è posto a sinistra
delle notine. Molti passaggi possono essere citati, ma non possono
sovrapporsi l’un l’altro nel tempo.
cueWhile = #(define-music-function (instrument name dir music) (string? string? ly:dir? ly:music?) #{ \cueDuring $instrument #dir { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT \once \override TextScript.direction = $dir <>-\markup { \tiny #name } $music } #}) flute = \relative c'' { \transposition c' s4 s4 e g } \addQuote "flute" { \flute } clarinet = \relative c' { \transposition bes fis4 d d c } \addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet } singer = \relative c'' { c4. g8 g4 bes4 } words = \lyricmode { here's the lyr -- ics } pianoRH = \relative c'' { \transposition c' \cueWhile "clarinet" "Clar." #DOWN { c4. g8 } \cueWhile "flute" "Flute" #UP { g4 bes4 } } pianoLH = \relative c { c4 <c' e> e, <g c> } \score { << \new Staff { \new Voice = "singer" { \singer } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "singer" \words } \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice { \pianoRH } } \new Staff { \clef "bass" \pianoLH } >> >> }
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Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
This snippet shows how to bring the lyrics line closer to the staff.
% Default layout: << \new Staff \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } \new Staff { \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } } % Reducing the minimum space below the staff and above the lyrics: \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 1)) } \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } >>
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Aligning syllables with melisma
By default, lyrics syllables that start a melisma are left aligned on
their note. The alignment can be altered using the
lyricMelismaAlignment
property.
\score { << \new Staff { \relative c'' \new Voice = "vocal" { c d~^\markup default d e c d~^\markup "right aligned" d e c d~^\markup "center aligned" d e c d~^\markup "reset to default" d e } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "vocal" { word word word \set lyricMelismaAlignment = #RIGHT word word word \set lyricMelismaAlignment = #CENTER word word word \unset lyricMelismaAlignment word word word } >> }
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Ambitus
Ambitus indicate pitch ranges for voices.
Accidentals only show up if they are not part of the key
signature. AmbitusNoteHead
grobs also have ledger lines.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } } << \new Staff { \relative c' { \time 2/4 c4 f' } } \new Staff { \relative c' { \time 2/4 \key d \major cis4 as' } } >>
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Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave
Per impostazione predefinita, gli ambitus sono posizionati a sinistra della chiave. La
funzione \ambitusAfter
permette di cambiare questo posizionamento.
La sintassi è \ambitusAfter grob-interface
(vedi
Graphical Object Interfaces per un elenco dei possibili valori per
grob-interface
.)
Un caso d’uso comune è il posizionamento dell’ambitus tra l’armatura di chiave e l’indicazione di tempo.
\new Staff \with { \consists Ambitus_engraver } \relative { \ambitusAfter key-signature \key d \major es'8 g bes cis d2 }
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Ambitus su più voci
Se si aggiunge l’incisore Ambitus_engraver
al contesto Staff
viene
creato un solo ambitus per il rigo, anche nel caso di righi che hanno più
voci.
\new Staff \with { \consists "Ambitus_engraver" } << \new Voice \relative c'' { \voiceOne c4 a d e f1 } \new Voice \relative c' { \voiceTwo es4 f g as b1 } >>
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Modello per notazione antica – trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana
Questo esempio mostra come realizzare una trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana. La musica gregoriana non presenta la suddivisione in misure né gambi; impiega soltanto le teste della minima e della semiminima, e dei segni appositi che indicano pause di diversa lunghezza.
\include "gregorian.ly" chant = \relative c' { \set Score.timing = ##f f4 a2 \divisioMinima g4 b a2 f2 \divisioMaior g4( f) f( g) a2 \finalis } verba = \lyricmode { Lo -- rem ip -- sum do -- lor sit a -- met } \score { \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff << \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "melody" \chant \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" \lyricsto melody \verba >> }
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Modello per salmo anglicano
Questo modello presenta un modo per impostare un salmo anglicano. Mostra anche come le strofe possano essere aggiunte come testo separato al di sotto della musica. Le due strofe sono scritte con stili diversi per illustrare le varie possibilità.
SopranoMusic = \relative g' { g1 | c2 b | a1 | \bar "||" a1 | d2 c | c b | c1 | \bar "||" } AltoMusic = \relative c' { e1 | g2 g | f1 | f1 | f2 e | d d | e1 | } TenorMusic = \relative a { c1 | c2 c | c1 | d1 | g,2 g | g g | g1 | } BassMusic = \relative c { c1 | e2 e | f1 | d1 | b2 c | g' g | c,1 | } global = { \time 2/2 } dot = \markup { \raise #0.7 \musicglyph "dots.dot" } tick = \markup { \raise #1 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" } % Use markup to center the chant on the page \markup { \fill-line { \score { % centered << \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff << \global \clef "treble" \new Voice = "Soprano" << \voiceOne \SopranoMusic >> \new Voice = "Alto" << \voiceTwo \AltoMusic >> >> \new Staff << \clef "bass" \global \new Voice = "Tenor" << \voiceOne \TenorMusic >> \new Voice = "Bass" << \voiceTwo \BassMusic >> >> >> >> \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1/2) } \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } } } % End score } } % End markup \markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \null \null \null \line { \fontsize #5 O \fontsize #3 come let us \bold sing | unto \dot the | Lord : let } \line { us heartily \concat { re \bold joice } in the | strength of | our } \line { sal | vation. } \null \line { \hspace #2.5 8. Today if ye will hear his voice * } \line { \concat { \bold hard en } \tick not your \tick hearts : as in the pro- } \line { vocation * and as in the \bold day of tempt- \tick } \line { -ation \tick in the \tick wilderness. } } } } }
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Arranging separate lyrics on a single line
Sometimes you may want to put lyrics for different performers on a
single line: where there is rapidly alternating text, for
example. This snippet shows how this can be done with
\override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing.minimum-distance = ##f
.
\layout { \context { \Lyrics \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing.minimum-distance = ##f } } aliceSings = \markup { \smallCaps "Alice" } eveSings = \markup { \smallCaps "Eve" } << \new Staff << \new Voice = "alice" { f'4^\aliceSings g' r2 | s1 | f'4^\aliceSings g' r2 | s1 | \break % ... \voiceOne s2 a'8^\aliceSings a' b'4 | \oneVoice g'1 } \new Voice = "eve" { s1 | a'2^\eveSings g' | s1 | a'2^\eveSings g' % ... \voiceTwo f'4^\eveSings a'8 g' f'4 e' | \oneVoice s1 } >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alice" { may -- be sec -- ond % ... Shut up, you fool! } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "eve" { that the words are % ... …and then I was like– } >>
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Changing stanza fonts
Fonts can be changed independently for each stanza, including the font used for printing the stanza number.
%{ You may have to install additional fonts. Red Hat Fedora dejavu-fonts-all Debian GNU/Linux, Ubuntu fonts-dejavu-core fonts-dejavu-extra %} \relative c'' { \time 3/4 g2 e4 a2 f4 g2. } \addlyrics { \set stanza = #"1. " Hi, my name is Bert. } \addlyrics { \override StanzaNumber.font-name = #"DejaVu Sans" \set stanza = #"2. " \override LyricText.font-family = #'typewriter Oh, ché -- ri, je t'aime }
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Notazione per canti e salmi
Questa forma di notazione è utilizzata per i salmi, dove i versi non sono sempre della stessa lunghezza.
stemOff = \hide Staff.Stem stemOn = \undo \stemOff \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \key g \minor \cadenzaOn \stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4 \stemOn a'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4 \stemOn f'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe } \stemOn g'2 \fine } }
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Forcing hyphens to be shown
If LilyPond does not think there is space for a hyphen, it will be
omitted. The behaviour can be overridden with the
minimum-distance
property of LyricHyphen
.
\relative c'' { c32 c c c c32 c c c c32 c c c c32 c c c } \addlyrics { syl -- lab word word \override LyricHyphen.minimum-distance = #1.0 syl -- lab word word \override LyricHyphen.minimum-distance = #2.0 syl -- lab word word \revert LyricHyphen.minimum-distance syl -- lab word word }
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Formattazione delle sillabe del testo vocale
La modalità markup può essere usata per formattare le singole sillabe del testo vocale.
mel = \relative c'' { c4 c c c } lyr = \lyricmode { Lyrics \markup { \italic can } \markup { \with-color #red contain } \markup { \fontsize #8 \bold Markup! } } << \new Voice = melody \mel \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody \lyr >>
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How to put ties between syllables in lyrics
This can be achieved by separating those syllables by tildes.
\lyrics { wa~o~a }
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Modello per inno
Il codice seguente presenta un modo di impostare un inno in cui ogni verso inizia e finisce con una misura parziale. Mostra anche come aggiungere delle strofe come testo separato sotto la musica.
Timeline = { \time 4/4 \tempo 4=96 \partial 2 s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \caesura \break s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \fine } SopranoMusic = \relative g' { g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 } AltoMusic = \relative c' { d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2 d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2 } TenorMusic = \relative a { b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2 b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2 } BassMusic = \relative g { g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 } global = { \key g \major } \score { % Start score << \new PianoStaff << % Start pianostaff \new Staff << % Start Staff = RH \global \clef "treble" \new Voice = "Soprano" << % Start Voice = "Soprano" \Timeline \voiceOne \SopranoMusic >> % End Voice = "Soprano" \new Voice = "Alto" << % Start Voice = "Alto" \Timeline \voiceTwo \AltoMusic >> % End Voice = "Alto" >> % End Staff = RH \new Staff << % Start Staff = LH \global \clef "bass" \new Voice = "Tenor" << % Start Voice = "Tenor" \Timeline \voiceOne \TenorMusic >> % End Voice = "Tenor" \new Voice = "Bass" << % Start Voice = "Bass" \Timeline \voiceTwo \BassMusic >> % End Voice = "Bass" >> % End Staff = LH >> % End pianostaff >> } % End score \markup { \fill-line { "" { \column { \left-align { "This is line one of the first verse" "This is line two of the same" "And here's line three of the first verse" "And the last line of the same" } } } "" } } \layout { \context { \Score caesuraType = #'((bar-line . "||")) fineBarType = "||" } } \paper { % Start paper block indent = 0 % don't indent first system line-width = 130 % shorten line length to suit music } % End paper block
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Allineamento del testo vocale
L’allineamento orizzontale del testo vocale si imposta attraverso la
proprietà self-alignment-X
dell’oggetto LyricText
.
#-1
è sinistra, #0
è centro e #1
è destra;
si possono usare anche #LEFT
, #CENTER
e #RIGHT
.
\layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c1 c1 c1 } \addlyrics { \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #LEFT "This is left-aligned" \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #CENTER "This is centered" \once \override LyricText.self-alignment-X = #1 "This is right-aligned" }
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Marking notes of spoken parts with a cross on the stem (Sprechstimme)
This example shows how to put crosses on stems. Mark the beginning of
a spoken section with the \speakOn
keyword, and end it with the
\speakOff
keyword.
speakOn = { \override Stem.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((x-parent (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (is-rest? (ly:grob? (ly:grob-object x-parent 'rest)))) (if is-rest? empty-stencil (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:stem::print grob) Y (- (ly:grob-property grob 'direction)) (grob-interpret-markup grob (markup #:center-align #:fontsize -4 #:musicglyph "noteheads.s2cross")) -2.3)))) } speakOff = { \revert Stem.stencil \revert Flag.stencil } \score { \new Staff { \relative c'' { a4 b a c \speakOn g4 f r g b4 r d e \speakOff c4 a g f } } }
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Ottenere la spaziatura del testo della vecchia versione 2.12
Il motore di spaziatura verticale è cambiato a partire dalla versione 2.14. Ciò può far sì che il testo vocale abbia un posizionamento diverso.
È possibile impostare delle proprietà dei contesti Lyric
e Staff
che facciano sì che il motore di spaziatura si comporti come nella versione 2.12.
global = { \key d \major \time 3/4 } sopMusic = \relative c' { % VERSE ONE fis4 fis fis | \break fis4. e8 e4 } altoMusic = \relative c' { % VERSE ONE d4 d d | d4. b8 b4 | } tenorMusic = \relative c' { a4 a a | b4. g8 g4 | } bassMusic = \relative c { d4 d d | g,4. g8 g4 | } words = \lyricmode { Great is Thy faith -- ful -- ness, } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = sopranos \new Staff = women << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne \global \sopMusic } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo \global \altoMusic } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \new Staff = men << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne \global \tenorMusic } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo \global \bassMusic } >> \new Lyrics = basses \context Lyrics = sopranos \lyricsto sopranos \words \context Lyrics = altos \lyricsto altos \words \context Lyrics = tenors \lyricsto tenors \words \context Lyrics = basses \lyricsto basses \words >> \layout { \context { \Lyrics \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = ##f \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 0) (minimum-distance . 2) (padding . 2)) } \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-staff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 0) (minimum-distance . 2) (padding . 2)) } } }
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Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
Questo modello mostra come usare i contesti annidati StaffGroup
e
GrandStaff
per creare sottogruppi degli strumenti dello stesso
tipo. Mostra anche come usare \transpose
in modo che le variabili
mantengano la musica per gli strumenti traspositori nell’intonazione reale.
#(set-global-staff-size 17) \paper { indent = 3.0\cm % add space for instrumentName short-indent = 1.5\cm % add less space for shortInstrumentName } fluteMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } % Pitches as written on a manuscript for Clarinet in A % are transposed to concert pitch. clarinetMusic = \transpose c' a \relative c'' { \key bes \major bes1 d } trumpetMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } % Key signature is often omitted for horns hornMusic = \transpose c' f \relative c { d'1 fis } percussionMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g1 b } sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { \key g \major g'1 b } sopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { Lyr -- ics } altoIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoILyrics = \sopranoLyrics altoIILyrics = \lyricmode { Ah -- ah } tenorMusic = \relative c' { \clef "treble_8" \key g \major g1 b } tenorLyrics = \sopranoLyrics pianoRHMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } pianoLHMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } violinIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violinIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violaMusic = \relative c { \clef alto \key g \major g'1 b } celloMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } bassMusic = \relative c { \clef "bass_8" \key g \major g,1 b } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_woodwinds" << \new Staff = "Staff_flute" \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteMusic \new Staff = "Staff_clarinet" \with { instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "Clarinet in B" \flat } } } % Declare that written Middle C in the music % to follow sounds a concert B flat, for % output using sounded pitches such as MIDI. %\transposition bes % Print music for a B-flat clarinet \transpose bes c' \clarinetMusic >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_brass" << \new Staff = "Staff_hornI" \with { instrumentName = "Horn in F" } % \transposition f \transpose f c' \hornMusic \new Staff = "Staff_trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet in C" } \trumpetMusic >> \new RhythmicStaff = "RhythmicStaff_percussion" \with { instrumentName = "Percussion" } << \percussionMusic >> \new PianoStaff \with { instrumentName = "Piano" } << \new Staff { \pianoRHMusic } \new Staff { \pianoLHMusic } >> \new ChoirStaff = "ChoirStaff_choir" << \new Staff = "Staff_soprano" \with { instrumentName = "Soprano" } \new Voice = "soprano" \sopranoMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" { \sopranoLyrics } \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_altos" \with { \accepts Lyrics } << \new Staff = "Staff_altoI" \with { instrumentName = "Alto I" } \new Voice = "altoI" \altoIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoI" { \altoILyrics } \new Staff = "Staff_altoII" \with { instrumentName = "Alto II" } \new Voice = "altoII" \altoIIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoII" { \altoIILyrics } >> \new Staff = "Staff_tenor" \with { instrumentName = "Tenor" } \new Voice = "tenor" \tenorMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" { \tenorLyrics } >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_strings" << \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_violins" << \new Staff = "Staff_violinI" \with { instrumentName = "Violin I" } \violinIMusic \new Staff = "Staff_violinII" \with { instrumentName = "Violin II" } \violinIIMusic >> \new Staff = "Staff_viola" \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } \violaMusic \new Staff = "Staff_cello" \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } \celloMusic \new Staff = "Staff_bass" \with { instrumentName = "Double Bass" } \bassMusic >> >> \layout { } }
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Modello per pianoforte con melodia e testo
Ecco un tipico formato per canzoni: un rigo con linea melodica e testo, e sotto l’accompagnamento per pianoforte.
melody = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } \score { << \new Voice = "mel" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto mel \text \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "upper" \upper \new Staff = "lower" \lower >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } } \midi { } }
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Putting lyrics inside the staff
Lyrics can be moved vertically to place them inside the staff. The
lyrics are moved with
\override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . dy)
and there are
similar commands to move the extenders and hyphens. The offset needed
is established with trial and error.
<< \new Staff << \new Voice = "voc" \relative c' { \stemDown a bes c8 b c4 } >> \new Lyrics \with { \override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) \override LyricExtender.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) \override LyricHyphen.extra-offset = #'(0 . 8.6) } \lyricsto "voc" { La la -- la __ _ la } >>
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Modello per coro SATB - quattro righi
Modello per coro SATB (quattro righi)
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 \dynamicUp } sopranonotes = \relative c'' { c2 \p \< d c d \f } sopranowords = \lyricmode { do do do do } altonotes = \relative c'' { c2\p d c d } altowords = \lyricmode { re re re re } tenornotes = { \clef "G_8" c2\mp d c d } tenorwords = \lyricmode { mi mi mi mi } bassnotes = { \clef bass c2\mf d c d } basswords = \lyricmode { mi mi mi mi } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice = "soprano" << \global \sopranonotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" \sopranowords >> \new Staff << \new Voice = "alto" << \global \altonotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alto" \altowords >> \new Staff << \new Voice = "tenor" << \global \tenornotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" \tenorwords >> \new Staff << \new Voice = "bass" << \global \bassnotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "bass" \basswords >> >> }
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Modello di rigo singolo con note, testo e accordi
Ecco il modello di un comune spartito semplificato (lead sheet): include linea melodica, testo vocale e sigle degli accordi.
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } harmonies = \chordmode { a2 c } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Voice = "one" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets
Here is a simple lead sheet template with melody, lyrics, chords and fret diagrams.
verseI = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"1." This is the first verse } verseII = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"2." This is the second verse. } theChords = \chordmode { % insert chords for chordnames and fretboards here c2 g4 c } staffMelody = \relative c' { \key c \major \clef treble % Type notes for melody here c4 d8 e f4 g \bar "|." } \score { << \context ChordNames { \theChords } \context FretBoards { \theChords } \new Staff { \context Voice = "voiceMelody" { \staffMelody } } \new Lyrics = "lyricsI" { \lyricsto "voiceMelody" \verseI } \new Lyrics = "lyricsII" { \lyricsto "voiceMelody" \verseII } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello di rigo singolo con note e testo
Questo piccolo modello presenta una semplice linea melodica con un testo. Copialo e incollalo, aggiungi le note e le parole. Questo esempio disabilita la disposizione automatica delle travature, come è consuetudine per le parti vocali. Per usare la disposizione automatica delle travature, cambia o commenta la relativa linea di codice.
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } \score{ << \new Voice = "one" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Skips in lyric mode
The s
syntax for skips is only available in note mode and chord
mode. In other situations, for example, when entering lyrics, using the
\skip
command is recommended.
<< \relative c'' { a1 | a } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { \skip 1 bla1 } >>
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Skips in lyric mode (2)
Although s
skips cannot be used in \lyricmode
(it is
taken to be a literal “s”, not a space), double quotes (""
) or
underscores (_
) are available.
So for example:
<< \relative c'' { a4 b c d } \new Lyrics \lyricmode { a4 "" _ gap } >>
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Usare arpeggioBracket per rendere i divisi più visibili
Si può usare arpeggioBracket
per indicare la divisione delle
voci quando non ci sono gambi che forniscano questa informazione. Questo
caso è frequente nella musica corale.
\include "english.ly" \score { \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 2/2 << \new Voice = "upper" << { \voiceOne \arpeggioBracket a2( b2 <b d>1\arpeggio) <cs e>\arpeggio ~ <cs e>4 } \addlyrics { \lyricmode { A -- men. } } >> \new Voice = "lower" { \voiceTwo a1 ~ a a ~ a4 \bar "|." } >> } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } }
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Usare le etichette per produrre musica mensurale e moderna dallo stesso sorgente
Usando le etichette (tag), è possibile usare la stessa musica per produrre sia
la musica mensurale che quella moderna. In questo frammento, viene introdotta
la funzione menrest
, che permette alle pause mensurali di essere
posizionate precisamente sul rigo come nell’originale, ma con le pause moderne
nella posizione standard. Le etichette vengono usate per produrre diversi
tipi di stanghetta alla fine della musica, ma possono essere usate anche
quando sono necessarie altre differenze: per esempio se si vogliono usare
“pause d’intero” (R1, R\breve, etc.) nella musica moderna, ma pause
normali (r1, r\breve, etc.) nella versione mensurale. La conversione di
musica mensurale nel suo equivalente moderno viene solitamente chiamata
trascrizione
.
menrest = #(define-music-function (note) (ly:music?) #{ \tag #'mens $(make-music 'RestEvent note) \tag #'mod $(make-music 'RestEvent note 'pitch '()) #}) MenStyle = { \autoBeamOff \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci \override Score.BarNumber.transparent = ##t \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up } finalis = \section Music = \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \key f \major \time 4/4 g1 d'2 \menrest bes4 bes2 a2 r4 g4 fis2. \finalis } MenLyr = \lyricmode { So farre, deere life, deare life } ModLyr = \lyricmode { So far, dear life, dear life } \score { \keepWithTag #'mens { << \new MensuralStaff { \new MensuralVoice = Cantus \clef "mensural-c1" \MenStyle \Music } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Cantus \MenLyr >> } } \score { \keepWithTag #'mod { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice = Sop \with { \remove "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Completion_heads_engraver" \remove "Rest_engraver" \consists "Completion_rest_engraver" } { \shiftDurations #1 #0 { \autoBeamOff \Music } } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Sop \ModLyr >> } }
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Allineare verticalmente gli ossia e il testo vocale
Questo frammento mostra come usare le proprietà di contesto
alignBelowContext
e alignAboveContext
per
controllare il posizionamento del testo vocale e degli ossia.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c' << \new Staff = "1" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "2" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "3" { c4 c s2 } { \skip 2 << \lyrics { \set alignBelowContext = #"1" lyrics4 below } \new Staff \with { alignAboveContext = #"3" fontSize = #-2 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -2) \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \tuplet 6/4 { \override TextScript.padding = #3 c8[^"ossia above" d e d e f] } } >> } >>
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Vertically centered common lyrics
In a vocal piece where there are several (two, four or more) lines of lyrics and common lyrics for all voices at some point, the common lyrics may be made to appear vertically centered, as shown in the following example:
dropLyrics = { \override LyricText.extra-offset = #'(0 . -4.5) \override LyricHyphen.extra-offset = #'(0 . -4.5) \override LyricExtender.extra-offset = #'(0 . -4.5) \override StanzaNumber.extra-offset = #'(0 . -4.5) } raiseLyrics = { \revert LyricText.extra-offset \revert LyricHyphen.extra-offset \revert LyricExtender.extra-offset \revert StanzaNumber.extra-offset } skipFour = \repeat unfold 4 { \skip 8 } lyricsA = \lyricmode { The first verse has \dropLyrics \set stanza = #" All:" the com -- mon __ words \raiseLyrics used in all four. } lyricsB = \lyricmode { In stan -- za two, \skipFour al -- so ap -- pear. } lyricsC = \lyricmode { By the third verse, \skipFour are get -- ting dull. } lyricsD = \lyricmode { Last stan -- za, and \skipFour get used once more. } melody = \relative c' { c4 d e f | g f e8( e f) d | c4 e d c | } \score { << \new Voice = m \melody \new Lyrics \lyricsto m \lyricsA \new Lyrics \lyricsto m \lyricsB \new Lyrics \lyricsto m \lyricsC \new Lyrics \lyricsto m \lyricsD >> }
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Modello per complesso vocale
Ecco una tipica partitura corale a quattro parti, SATB. Se il complesso è più ampio, è spesso comodo scrivere gli elementi comuni in un’unica sezione, che verrà poi inclusa in tutte le parti. Ad esempio, l’indicazione di tempo e l’armatura di chiave sono quasi sempre le stesse per tutte le parti. Come nel modello dell’“Inno”, le quattro voci sono ripartite in due soli righi.
\paper { top-system-spacing.basic-distance = #10 score-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 last-bottom-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative { c''4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative { e'4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with { % this is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with { % this is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "basses" \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con riduzione per pianoforte automatica
Questo modello aggiunge una riduzione automatica per pianoforte alla tipica
partitura vocale SATB illustrata in “Modello per complesso vocale”. Si
dimostra così uno dei punti di forza di LilyPond – è possibile usare una
definizione musicale più di una volta. Qualsiasi modifica venga fatta alle note
delle voci (ad esempio, tenorMusic
) verrà applicata anche alla riduzione
per pianoforte.
\paper { top-system-spacing.basic-distance = #10 score-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 last-bottom-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative { c''4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative { e'4 f d e } altoWords =\lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { << \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with { % This is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with { % This is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "basses" \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f \partCombine << \global \sopMusic >> << \global \altoMusic >> >> \new Staff << \clef bass \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f \partCombine << \global \tenorMusic >> << \global \bassMusic >> >> >> >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
Questo modello è fondamentalmente analogo al semplice modello “Complesso vocale”,
con l’unica differenza che qui tutti i versi del testo sono posizionati
usando alignAboveContext
e alignBelowContext
.
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative c'' { c4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative c' { e4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative c' { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative c { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords % we could remove the line about this with the line below, since % we want the alto lyrics to be below the alto Voice anyway. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords % again, we could replace the line above this with the line below. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con strofa e ritornello
Questo modello crea una partitura che inizia con una sezione solistica e
prosegue in un ritornello a due voci. Illustra anche l’uso delle
pause spaziatrici all’interno della variabile \global
per definire
i cambi di tempo (e altri elementi comuni a tutte le parti) nel corso di
tutta la partitura.
global = { \key g \major % verse \time 3/4 s2.*2 \break % refrain \time 2/4 s2*2 \bar "|." } SoloNotes = \relative g' { \clef "treble" % verse g4 g g | b4 b b | % refrain R2*2 | } SoloLyrics = \lyricmode { One two three | four five six | } SopranoNotes = \relative c'' { \clef "treble" % verse R2.*2 | % refrain c4 c | g4 g | } SopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { la la | la la | } BassNotes = \relative c { \clef "bass" % verse R2.*2 | % refrain c4 e | d4 d | } BassLyrics = \lyricmode { dum dum | dum dum | } \score { << \new Voice = "SoloVoice" << \global \SoloNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SoloVoice" \SoloLyrics \new ChoirStaff << \new Voice = "SopranoVoice" << \global \SopranoNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SopranoVoice" \SopranoLyrics \new Voice = "BassVoice" << \global \BassNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "BassVoice" \BassLyrics >> >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Staff % these lines prevent empty staves from being printed \RemoveEmptyStaves \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } }
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Chords
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Adding a figured bass above or below the notes
When writing a figured bass, you can place the figures above or below
the bass notes, by defining the
BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction
property (exclusively
in a Staff
context). Choices are #UP
(or #1
),
#CENTER
(or #0
) and #DOWN
(or #-1
).
This property can be changed as many times as you wish. Use
\once \override
if you don’t want the override to apply to the
whole score.
bass = { \clef bass g4 b, c d e d8 c d2 } continuo = \figuremode { <_>4 <6>4 <5/>4 \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #UP %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentUp < _+ >4 <6> \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #DOWN %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown <4>4. <4>8 <_+>4 } \score { << \new Staff = bassStaff \bass \context Staff = bassStaff \continuo >> }
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Aggiungere stanghette al contesto ChordNames
Per mostrare le stanghette nel contesto ChordNames
, aggiungere
l’incisore Bar_engraver
.
\new ChordNames \with { \override BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-2 . 2) \consists "Bar_engraver" } \chordmode { f1:maj7 f:7 bes:7 }
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Adjusting figured bass alteration glyphs
In figured bass, specially designed glyphs for 6\\
,
7\\
, and 9\\
are used by default. Similarly,
specially designed glyphs for symbols 2\+
, 4\+
, and
5\+
are used by default if plus signs appear after the number.
To change that, pass an alist to figuredBassPlusStrokedAlist
and
set the glyph in question to #f
(or omit it).
\figures { \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #RIGHT <6\\> <7\\> <9\\> r <2\+> <4\+> <5\+> r \set figuredBassPlusStrokedAlist = #'((2 . "figbass.twoplus") ;; (4 . "figbass.fourplus") ;; (5 . "figbass.fiveplus") (6 . "figbass.sixstroked") ;; (7 . "figbass.sevenstroked") ;; (9 . "figbass.ninestroked") ) <6\\> <7\\> <9\\> r <2\+> <4\+> <5\+> r }
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Modifica del separatore dell’accordo
L’elemento che separa le diverse parti di un accordo può essere impostato su qualsiasi testo di tipo markup.
\chords { c:7sus4 \set chordNameSeparator = \markup { \typewriter | } c:7sus4 }
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Changing the chord names to German or semi-German notation
The english naming of chords (default) can be changed to german
(\germanChords
replaces B and Bes with H and B) or semi-german
(\semiGermanChords
replaces B and Bes with H and Bb).
scm = \chordmode { c1/c | cis/cis b1/b | bis/bis | bes/bes } \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \ChordNames \consists "Instrument_name_engraver" } } << \new ChordNames { \set instrumentName = #"default" \scm } \new ChordNames { \set instrumentName = #"german" \germanChords \scm } \new ChordNames { \set instrumentName = #"semi-german" \semiGermanChords \scm } \new ChordNames { \set instrumentName = #"italian" \italianChords \scm } \new ChordNames { \set instrumentName = #"french" \frenchChords \scm } \context Voice { \scm } >>
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Cambiare la posizione delle alterazioni del basso continuo
Le alterazioni e i segni più possono apparire prima o dopo i numeri, a
seconda delle proprietà figuredBassAlterationDirection
e
figuredBassPlusDirection
.
\figures { <5\+> <5+ 4\+> <6 4- 2\+> r \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #RIGHT <5\+> <5+ 4\+> <6 4- 2\+> r \set figuredBassPlusDirection = #RIGHT <5\+> <5+ 4\+> <6 4- 2\+> r \set figuredBassAlterationDirection = #LEFT <5\+> <5+ 4\+> <6 4- 2\+> r }
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Eccezioni dei nomi degli accordi
La proprietà chordNameExceptions
permette di salvare un elenco di
notazioni speciali per accordi specifici.
% modify maj9 and 6(add9) % Exception music is chords with markups chExceptionMusic = { <c e g b d'>1-\markup { \super "maj9" } <c e g a d'>1-\markup { \super "6(add9)" } } % Convert music to list and prepend to existing exceptions. chExceptions = #(append (sequential-music-to-chord-exceptions chExceptionMusic #t) ignatzekExceptions) theMusic = \chordmode { g1:maj9 g1:6.9 \set chordNameExceptions = #chExceptions g1:maj9 g1:6.9 } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } << \new ChordNames \theMusic \new Voice \theMusic >>
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Nome dell’accordo di settima maggiore
La formattazione dell’accordo di settima maggiore può essere regolata
con la proprietà majorSevenSymbol
.
\chords { c:7+ \set majorSevenSymbol = \markup { j7 } c:7+ }
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Chord names alternative
Chord names are generated from a list of pitches. The functions which construct these names can be customised.
Here are shown chords following Ignatzek (pp. 17-18, 1995), used by default since LilyPond 1.7.20, compared with an alternative Jazz chord notation and Harald Banter’s (1987) notation. A smaller font is used in the latter case, as these tend to be overly verbose.
This mirrors the mechanism originally used in early LilyPond versions (pre-1.7); not having been properly maintained, however, some features have been lost (mainly chord exception lists) and bugs have been introduced.
%%%% Legacy chord naming functions (formerly in scm/chord-generic-names.scm) %%%% Copyright (C) 2003--2015 Jan Nieuwenhuizen <janneke@gnu.org> #(set-global-staff-size 19.7) #(define-public (banter-chordnames pitches bass inversion context) (old_chord->markup 'banter pitches bass inversion context)) #(define-public (jazz-chordnames pitches bass inversion context) (old_chord->markup 'jazz pitches bass inversion context)) #(define (define-translator-property symbol type? description) (if (not (and (symbol? symbol) (procedure? type?) (string? description))) (ly:error "error in call of define-translator-property")) (if (not (equal? (object-property symbol 'translation-doc) #f)) (ly:error (G_ "symbol ~S redefined") symbol)) (set-object-property! symbol 'translation-type? type?) (set-object-property! symbol 'translation-doc description) symbol) #(for-each (lambda (x) (apply define-translator-property x)) `((chordNameExceptionsFull ,list? "An alist of full chord exceptions. Contains @code{(@var{chord} . @var{markup})} entries.") (chordNameExceptionsPartial ,list? "An alist of partial chord exceptions. Contains @code{(@var{chord} . (@var{prefix-markup} @var{suffix-markup}))} entries."))) #(define-public (old_chord->markup style pitches bass inversion context) "Entry point for @code{Chord_name_engraver}. @var{pitches}, @var{bass}, and @var{inversion} are lily pitches." (define (default-note-namer pitch) (note-name->markup pitch #f)) (define (markup-or-empty-markup markup) "Return MARKUP if markup, else empty-markup" (if (markup? markup) markup empty-markup)) (define (accidental->markup alteration) "Return accidental markup for ALTERATION." (if (= alteration 0) (make-line-markup (list empty-markup)) (conditional-kern-before (alteration->text-accidental-markup alteration) (= alteration FLAT) 0.094725))) (define (list-minus a b) "Return list of elements in A that are not in B." (lset-difference eq? a b)) (define (markup-join markups sep) "Return line-markup of MARKUPS, joining them with markup SEP" (if (pair? markups) (make-line-markup (list-insert-separator markups sep)) empty-markup)) (define (conditional-kern-before markup bool amount) "Add AMOUNT of space before MARKUP if BOOL is true." (if bool (make-line-markup (list (make-hspace-markup amount) markup)) markup)) (define (step-nr pitch) (let* ((pitch-nr (+ (* 7 (ly:pitch-octave pitch)) (ly:pitch-notename pitch))) (root-nr (+ (* 7 (ly:pitch-octave (car pitches))) (ly:pitch-notename (car pitches))))) (+ 1 (- pitch-nr root-nr)))) (define (next-third pitch) (ly:pitch-transpose pitch (ly:make-pitch 0 2 (if (or (= (step-nr pitch) 3) (= (step-nr pitch) 5)) FLAT 0)))) (define (step-alteration pitch) (let* ((diff (ly:pitch-diff (ly:make-pitch 0 0 0) (car pitches))) (normalized-pitch (ly:pitch-transpose pitch diff)) (alteration (ly:pitch-alteration normalized-pitch))) (if (= (step-nr pitch) 7) (+ alteration SEMI-TONE) alteration))) (define (pitch-unalter pitch) (let ((alteration (step-alteration pitch))) (if (= alteration 0) pitch (ly:make-pitch (ly:pitch-octave pitch) (ly:pitch-notename pitch) (- (ly:pitch-alteration pitch) alteration))))) (define (step-even-or-altered? pitch) (let ((nr (step-nr pitch))) (if (!= (modulo nr 2) 0) (!= (step-alteration pitch) 0) #t))) (define (step->markup-plusminus pitch) (let ((alt (step-alteration pitch))) (make-line-markup (list (number->string (step-nr pitch)) (cond ((= alt DOUBLE-FLAT) "--") ((= alt FLAT) "-") ((= alt NATURAL) "") ((= alt SHARP) "+") ((= alt DOUBLE-SHARP) "++")))))) (define (step->markup-accidental pitch) (make-line-markup (list (accidental->markup (step-alteration pitch)) (make-simple-markup (number->string (step-nr pitch)))))) (define (step->markup-ignatzek pitch) (make-line-markup (if (and (= (step-nr pitch) 7) (= (step-alteration pitch) 1)) (list (ly:context-property context 'majorSevenSymbol)) (list (accidental->markup (step-alteration pitch)) (make-simple-markup (number->string (step-nr pitch))))))) ;; tja, kennok (define (make-sub->markup step->markup) (lambda (pitch) (make-line-markup (list (make-simple-markup "no") (step->markup pitch))))) (define (step-based-sub->markup step->markup pitch) (make-line-markup (list (make-simple-markup "no") (step->markup pitch)))) (define (get-full-list pitch) (if (<= (step-nr pitch) (step-nr (last pitches))) (cons pitch (get-full-list (next-third pitch))) '())) (define (get-consecutive nr pitches) (if (pair? pitches) (let* ((pitch-nr (step-nr (car pitches))) (next-nr (if (!= (modulo pitch-nr 2) 0) (+ pitch-nr 2) nr))) (if (<= pitch-nr nr) (cons (car pitches) (get-consecutive next-nr (cdr pitches))) '())) '())) ;;; FIXME -- exceptions no longer work. -vv (define (full-match exceptions) (if (pair? exceptions) (let* ((e (car exceptions)) (e-pitches (car e))) (if (equal? e-pitches pitches) e (full-match (cdr exceptions)))) #f)) (define (partial-match exceptions) (if (pair? exceptions) (let* ((e (car exceptions)) (e-pitches (car e))) (if (equal? e-pitches (take pitches (length e-pitches))) e (partial-match (cdr exceptions)))) #f)) ;; FIXME: exceptions don’t work anyway. (if #f (begin (write-me "pitches: " pitches))) (let* ((full-exceptions (ly:context-property context 'chordNameExceptionsFull)) (full-exception (full-match full-exceptions)) (full-markup (if full-exception (cadr full-exception) '())) (partial-exceptions (ly:context-property context 'chordNameExceptionsPartial)) (partial-exception (partial-match partial-exceptions)) (partial-pitches (if partial-exception (car partial-exception) '())) (partial-markup-prefix (if partial-exception (markup-or-empty-markup (cadr partial-exception)) empty-markup)) (partial-markup-suffix (if (and partial-exception (pair? (cddr partial-exception))) (markup-or-empty-markup (caddr partial-exception)) empty-markup)) (root (car pitches)) (full (get-full-list root)) ;; kludge alert: replace partial matched lower part of all with ;; 'normal' pitches from full ;; (all pitches) (all (append (take full (length partial-pitches)) (drop pitches (length partial-pitches)))) (highest (last all)) (missing (list-minus full (map pitch-unalter all))) (consecutive (get-consecutive 1 all)) (rest (list-minus all consecutive)) (altered (filter step-even-or-altered? all)) (cons-alt (filter step-even-or-altered? consecutive)) (base (list-minus consecutive altered))) (if #f (begin (write-me "full:" full) ;; (write-me "partial-pitches:" partial-pitches) (write-me "full-markup:" full-markup) (write-me "partial-markup-perfix:" partial-markup-prefix) (write-me "partial-markup-suffix:" partial-markup-suffix) (write-me "all:" all) (write-me "altered:" altered) (write-me "missing:" missing) (write-me "consecutive:" consecutive) (write-me "rest:" rest) (write-me "base:" base))) (case style ((banter) ;; root ;; + steps:altered + (highest all -- if not altered) ;; + subs:missing (let* ((root->markup default-note-namer) (step->markup step->markup-plusminus) (sub->markup (lambda (x) (step-based-sub->markup step->markup x))) (sep (make-simple-markup "/"))) (if (pair? full-markup) (make-line-markup (list (root->markup root) full-markup)) (make-line-markup (list (root->markup root) partial-markup-prefix (make-super-markup (markup-join (append (map step->markup (append altered (if (and (> (step-nr highest) 5) (not (step-even-or-altered? highest))) (list highest) '()))) (list partial-markup-suffix) (map sub->markup missing)) sep))))))) ((jazz) ;; root ;; + steps:(highest base) + cons-alt ;; + 'add' ;; + steps:rest (let* ((root->markup default-note-namer) (step->markup step->markup-ignatzek) (sep (make-simple-markup " ")) (add-prefix (make-simple-markup " add"))) (if (pair? full-markup) (make-line-markup (list (root->markup root) full-markup)) (make-line-markup (list (root->markup root) partial-markup-prefix (make-super-markup (make-line-markup (list ;; kludge alert: omit <= 5 ;;(markup-join (map step->markup ;; (cons (last base) cons-alt)) sep) ;; This fixes: ;; c C5 -> C ;; c:2 C5 2 -> C2 ;; c:3- Cm5 -> Cm ;; c:6.9 C5 6add9 -> C6 add 9 (add?) ;; ch = \chords { c c:2 c:3- c:6.9^7 } (markup-join (map step->markup (let ((tb (last base))) (if (> (step-nr tb) 5) (cons tb cons-alt) cons-alt))) sep) (if (pair? rest) add-prefix empty-markup) (markup-join (map step->markup rest) sep) partial-markup-suffix)))))))) (else empty-markup)))) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%% %%%% Here begins the actual snippet: chs = \transpose c' c' { <c e g>1 <c es g> % m = minor triad <c e gis> <c es ges> \break <c e g bes> <c es g bes> <c e g b> % triangle = maj <c es ges beses> <c es ges b> \break <c e gis bes> <c es g b> <c e gis b> <c es ges bes> \break <c e g a> % 6 = major triad with added sixth <c es g a> % m6 = minor triad with added sixth <c e g bes d'> <c es g bes d'> \break <c es g bes d' f' a' > <c es g bes d' f' > <c es ges bes d' > <c e g bes des' > \break <c e g bes dis'> <c e g bes d' f'> <c e g bes d' fis'> <c e g bes d' f' a'> \break <c e g bes d' fis' as'> <c e gis bes dis'> <c e g bes dis' fis'> <c e g bes d' f' as'> \break <c e g bes des' f' as'> <c e g bes d' fis'> <c e g b d'> <c e g bes d' f' as'> \break <c e g bes des' f' as'> <c e g bes des' f' a'> <c e g b d'> <c e g b d' f' a'> \break <c e g b d' fis'> <c e g bes des' f ' a'> <c f g> <c f g bes> \break <c f g bes d'> <c e g d'> % add9 <c es g f'> <c e g b fis'> % Lydian <c e g bes des' ees' fis' aes'> % altered chord } %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % alternate Jazz notation efullmusicJazzAlt = { <c e gis>1-\markup { "+" } <c e g b>-\markup { \normal-size-super % \override #'(font-family . math) "N" \override #'(font-family . math) "M" } %%c:3.5.7 = \markup { \override #'(font-family . math) "M" } %%c:3.5.7 = \markup { \normal-size-super "maj7" } <c es ges>-\markup { \super "o" } % should be $\circ$ ? <c es ges bes>-\markup { \super \combine "o" "/" } <c es ges beses>-\markup { \super "o7" } } efullJazzAlt = #(sequential-music-to-chord-exceptions efullmusicJazzAlt #f) epartialmusicJazzAlt = { <c d>1-\markup { \normal-size-super "2" } <c es>-\markup { "m" } <c f>-\markup { \normal-size-super "sus4" } <c g>-\markup { \normal-size-super "5" } %% TODO, partial exceptions <c es f>-\markup { "m" }-\markup { \normal-size-super "sus4" } <c d es>-\markup { "m" }-\markup { \normal-size-super "sus2" } } epartialJazzAlt = #(sequential-music-to-chord-exceptions epartialmusicJazzAlt #f) %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \score { << \new ChordNames { %% Already set by default: %\set chordNameFunction = #ignatzek-chord-names \set instrumentName = "Ignatzek" \set shortInstrumentName = "Def" \chs } \new ChordNames { \set chordNameFunction = #jazz-chordnames \set majorSevenSymbol = \whiteTriangleMarkup \set chordNameSeparator = "/" \set chordNameExceptionsFull = \efullJazzAlt \set chordNameExceptionsPartial = \epartialJazzAlt \set instrumentName = "Alternative" \set shortInstrumentName = "Alt" \chs } %% This is the Banter (1987) style. It gives exceedingly %% verbose (wide) names, making the output file take up to 4 pages. \new ChordNames { \set chordNameFunction = #banter-chordnames \override ChordName.font-size = #-3 \set instrumentName = "Banter" \set shortInstrumentName = "Ban" \chs } \new Staff \transpose c c' { \chs } >> \layout { #(layout-set-staff-size 16) system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #0 \context { \ChordNames \consists "Instrument_name_engraver" } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } }
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Chords with stretched fingering for FretBoards and TabVoice
Sometimes chords with a stretched fingering are required. If not
otherwise specified the context-property maximumFretStretch
is
set to 4
, though. Resulting in a warning about "No string for
pitch ..." and the note is omitted. You may set
maximumFretStretch
to an approppriate value or explecitely
assign string-numbers to all notes of a chord.
%% The code below will print two warnings, which may be omitted by uncommenting: %#(for-each (lambda (x) (ly:expect-warning "No string for pitch")) (iota 2)) mus = { <c' bes'> <c'\2 bes'> \set maximumFretStretch = 5 <c' bes'> <c'\2 bes'\1> } << \new FretBoards \mus \new TabVoice \mus >>
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Clusters
Clusters are a device to denote that a complete range of notes is to be played.
fragment = \relative c' { c4 f <e d'>4 <g a>8 <e a> a4 c2 <d b>4 e2 c } << \new Staff \fragment \new Staff \makeClusters \fragment >>
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Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
Il posizionamento dei numeri della diteggiatura può essere regolato in modo preciso. Perché l’orientamento funzioni, occorre usare il costrutto per gli accordi <> anche per le note singole. Si può impostare in modo simile l’orientamento dei numeri di corda e delle diteggiature della mano destra.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up left down) <f\3 a\2 c\1>1 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(down right up) <c\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2 c'\rightHandFinger #4 > }
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Cross-staff chords - beaming problems workaround
Sometimes it is better to use stems from the upper staff for creating
cross-staff chords, because no problems with automatic beam collision
avoidance then arise. If the stems from the lower staff were used in
the following example, it would be necessary to change the automatic
beam collision avoidance settings so that it doesn’t detect collisions
between staves using
\override Staff.Beam.collision-voice-only = ##t
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = up \relative c' { << { r4 \override Stem.cross-staff = ##t \override Stem.length = #19 % this is in half-spaces, % so it makes stems 9.5 staffspaces long \override Stem.Y-offset = #-6 % stems are normally lengthened % upwards, so here we must lower the stem by the amount % equal to the lengthening - in this case (19 - 7) / 2 % (7 is default stem length) e e e } { s4 \change Staff = "bottom" \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t c, c c } >> } \new Staff = bottom \relative c' { \clef bass \voiceOne g8 a g a g a g a } >>
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Customizing the chord grid style
Custom divisions of chord squares can be defined through the
measure-division-lines-alist
and measure-division-chord-placement-alist
properties of ChordSquare
. These are both alists. Their keys are
measure divisions, namely lists which give the fraction of the measure
that each chord (or rest, or skip) represents. More precisely, a measure
division alist is made of positive, exact numbers adding up to 1, for
example: '(1/2 1/4 1/4)
. The exactness requirement means that,
e.g., 1/2
is valid but not 0.5
.
The values in measure-division-lines-alist
are lists of lines,
which are represented as (x1 y1 x2 y2)
.
The line starts at the point (x1 . y1)
and ends at
(x2 . y2)
. Coordinates are expressed in the
[-1, 1] scale relative to the extent of the square.
The values in measure-division-chord-placement-alist
are
lists of (x . y)
pairs giving the placement of
the respective chords.
This example defines a peculiar chord grid style that has a rule for measures divided in three equal parts.
\paper { line-width = 10\cm ragged-right = ##f } \new ChordGrid \with { \override ChordSquare.measure-division-lines-alist = #'(((1) . ()) ((1/3 1/3 1/3) . ((-1 -0.4 0 1) (0 -1 1 0.4)))) \override ChordSquare.measure-division-chord-placement-alist = #'(((1) . ((0 . 0))) ((1/3 1/3 1/3) . ((-0.7 . 0.5) (0 . 0) (0.7 . -0.5)))) } \chordmode { \time 3/4 c2. c4 c4 c4 }
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Customizing the no-chord symbol
By default, rests in a ChordNames
context cause the “N.C.”
symbol to be printed. This markup can be customized.
<< \chords { R1 \set noChordSymbol = "—" R1 \set noChordSymbol = \markup \italic "Ssh!" R1 } { R1*3 } >>
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Displaying complex chords
Here is a way to display a chord where the same note is played twice with different accidentals.
fixA = { \once \override Stem.length = #11 } fixB = { \once \override NoteHead.X-offset = #1.7 \once \override Stem.length = #7 \once \override Stem.rotation = #'(45 0 0) \once \override Stem.extra-offset = #'(-0.1 . -0.2) \once \override Flag.style = #'no-flag \once \override Accidental.extra-offset = #'(4 . -.1) } \relative c' { << { \fixA <b d!>8 } \\ { \voiceThree \fixB dis } >> s }
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Manually break figured bass extenders for only some numbers
Figured bass often uses extenders to indicate continuation of the
corresponding step. However, in this case lilypond is in greedy-mode
and uses extenders whenever possible. To break individual extenders,
one can simply use a modifier \!
to a number, which breaks any
extender attributed to that number right before the number.
bassfigures = \figuremode { \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t <6 4>4 <6 4\!> <6 4\!> <6 4\!> | <6\! 4\!> <6 4> <6 4\!> <6 4> } << \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 c1 } \new FiguredBass \bassfigures >>
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Print ChordNames with same root and different bass as slash and bass-note
To print subsequent ChordNames
only differing in its bass note
as slash and bass note use the here defined engraver. The behaviour may
be controlled in detail by the chordChanges
context property.
#(define Bass_changes_equal_root_engraver (lambda (ctx) "For sequential @code{ChordNames} with same root, but different bass, the root markup is dropped: D D/C D/B -> D /C /B The behaviour may be controlled by setting the @code{chordChanges} context-property." (let ((chord-pitches '()) (last-chord-pitches '()) (bass-pitch #f)) (make-engraver ((initialize this-engraver) (let ((chord-note-namer (ly:context-property ctx 'chordNoteNamer))) ;; Set 'chordNoteNamer, respect user setting if already done (ly:context-set-property! ctx 'chordNoteNamer (if (procedure? chord-note-namer) chord-note-namer note-name->markup)))) (listeners ((note-event this-engraver event) (let* ((pitch (ly:event-property event 'pitch)) (pitch-name (ly:pitch-notename pitch)) (pitch-alt (ly:pitch-alteration pitch)) (bass (ly:event-property event 'bass #f)) (inversion (ly:event-property event 'inversion #f))) ;; Collect notes of the chord ;; - to compare inversed chords we need to collect the bass note ;; as usual member of the chord, whereas an added bass must be ;; treated separate from the usual chord-notes ;; - notes are stored as pairs containing their ;; pitch-name (an integer), i.e. disregarding their octave and ;; their alteration (cond (bass (set! bass-pitch pitch)) (inversion (set! bass-pitch pitch) (set! chord-pitches (cons (cons pitch-name pitch-alt) chord-pitches))) (else (set! chord-pitches (cons (cons pitch-name pitch-alt) chord-pitches))))))) (acknowledgers ((chord-name-interface this-engraver grob source-engraver) (let ((chord-changes (ly:context-property ctx 'chordChanges #f))) ;; If subsequent chords are equal apart from their bass, ;; reset the 'text-property. ;; Equality is done by comparing the sorted lists of this chord's ;; elements and the previous chord. Sorting is needed because ;; inverted chords may have a different order of pitches. ;; `chord-changes' needs to be true (if (and bass-pitch chord-changes (equal? (sort chord-pitches car<) (sort last-chord-pitches car<))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'text (make-line-markup (list (ly:context-property ctx 'slashChordSeparator) ((ly:context-property ctx 'chordNoteNamer) bass-pitch (ly:context-property ctx 'chordNameLowercaseMinor)))))) (set! last-chord-pitches chord-pitches) (set! chord-pitches '()) (set! bass-pitch #f)))) ((finalize this-engraver) (set! last-chord-pitches '())))))) myChords = \chordmode { %\germanChords \set chordChanges = ##t d2:m d:m/cis d:m/c \set chordChanges = ##f d:m/b e1:7 \set chordChanges = ##t e \break \once \set chordChanges = ##f e1/f e2/gis e/+gis e e:m/f d:m d:m/cis d:m/c \set chordChanges = ##f d:m/b } << \new ChordNames \with { \consists #Bass_changes_equal_root_engraver } \myChords \new Staff \myChords >>
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Mostrare gli accordi nei cambi
Per impostazione predefinita, ogni accordo inserito viene visualizzato; tale comportamento può essere modificato in modo che i nomi degli accordi siano mostrati solo all’inizio delle linee e quando l’accordo cambia.
harmonies = \chordmode { c1:m c:m \break c:m c:m d } << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Staff { \relative c' { \harmonies } } >>
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Canzoniere semplice
Mettendo insieme nomi degli accordi, melodia e testo si ottiene un canzoniere (in inglese “lead sheet”):
<< \chords { c2 g:sus4 f e } \new Staff \relative c'' { a4 e c8 e r4 b2 c4( d) } \addlyrics { One day this shall be free __ } >>
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Modello di rigo singolo con note, testo e accordi
Ecco il modello di un comune spartito semplificato (lead sheet): include linea melodica, testo vocale e sigle degli accordi.
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } harmonies = \chordmode { a2 c } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Voice = "one" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets
Here is a simple lead sheet template with melody, lyrics, chords and fret diagrams.
verseI = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"1." This is the first verse } verseII = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"2." This is the second verse. } theChords = \chordmode { % insert chords for chordnames and fretboards here c2 g4 c } staffMelody = \relative c' { \key c \major \clef treble % Type notes for melody here c4 d8 e f4 g \bar "|." } \score { << \context ChordNames { \theChords } \context FretBoards { \theChords } \new Staff { \context Voice = "voiceMelody" { \staffMelody } } \new Lyrics = "lyricsI" { \lyricsto "voiceMelody" \verseI } \new Lyrics = "lyricsII" { \lyricsto "voiceMelody" \verseII } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello di rigo singolo con note e accordi
Vuoi preparare uno spartito semplificato (lead sheet) con melodia e accordi? La tua ricerca è finita!
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 f4 e8[ c] d4 g a2 ~ a } harmonies = \chordmode { c4:m f:min7 g:maj c:aug d2:dim b4:5 e:sus } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Staff \melody >> \layout{ } \midi { } }
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Vertically centering paired figured bass extenders
Where figured bass extender lines are being used by setting
useBassFigureExtenders
to true, pairs of congruent figured bass
extender lines are vertically centered if
figuredBassCenterContinuations
is set to true.
<< \relative c' { c8 c b b a a c16 c b b c8 c b b a a c16 c b b c8 c b b a a c c b b } \figures { \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 r <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 <4 3+>16 r \set figuredBassCenterContinuations = ##t <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 r <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 <4 3+>16 r \set figuredBassCenterContinuations = ##f <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 r <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 <4 3+>8 } >>
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Volta sotto gli accordi
Aggiungendo l’incisore Volta_engraver
al rigo, è possibile
inserire le volte sotto gli accordi.
\score { << \chords { c1 c1 } \new Staff \with { \consists "Volta_engraver" } { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } } >> \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Volta_engraver" } } }
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Keyboards
Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
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Accordion-discant symbols
This snippet has been obsoleted by predefined markup commands, see
’Discant symbols’ in the Notation Reference. It’s still useful as a
simple demonstration of how to combine symbols: the placement of the
symbols added with \markup
can be tweaked by changing the
\translate-scaled
arguments. \translate-scaled
is used
here rather than \translate
in order to let the positioning of
the symbol parts adapt to changes of font-size
.
discant = \markup { \musicglyph "accordion.discant" } dot = \markup { \musicglyph "accordion.dot" } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } % 16 voets register accBasson = ^\markup { \combine \discant \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot } % een korig 8 en 16 voets register accBandon = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot } accVCello = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(1 . 1.5) \dot } % 4-8-16 voets register accHarmon = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } accTrombon = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(1 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(-1 . 1.5) \dot } % eenkorig 4 en 16 voets register accOrgan = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } accMaster = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 0.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(1 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(-1 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } accAccord = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(1 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(-1 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } accMusette = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(1 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(-1 . 1.5) \dot } accCeleste = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(-1 . 1.5) \dot } accOboe = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } accClarin = ^\markup { \combine \discant \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot } accPiccolo = ^\markup { \combine \discant \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } accViolin = ^\markup { \combine \discant \combine \translate-scaled #'(0 . 1.5) \dot \combine \translate-scaled #'(1 . 1.5) \dot \translate-scaled #'(0 . 2.5) \dot } \relative c'' { c4 d\accBasson e f c4 d\accBandon e f c4 d\accVCello e f c4 d\accHarmon e f c4 d\accTrombon e f \break c4 d\accOrgan e f c4 d\accMaster e f c4 d\accAccord e f c4 d\accMusette e f c4 d\accCeleste e f \break c4 d\accOboe e f c4 d\accClarin e f c4 d\accPiccolo e f c4 d\accViolin e f }
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Simboli di registro della fisarmonica
I simboli di registro della fisarmonica sono disponibili sia come \markup
sia come eventi musicali autonomi (perché i cambi di registro capitano
solitamente tra reali eventi musicali). I registri bassi non sono troppo
standardizzati. I comandi disponibili si trovano nella sezione
«Registri della fisarmonica» della Guida alla notazione.
#(use-modules (lily accreg)) \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative { \clef treble \discant "10" r8 s32 f'[ bes f] s e[ a e] s d[ g d] s16 e32[ a] << { r16 <f bes> r <e a> r <d g> } \\ { d r a r bes r } >> | <cis e a>1 } \new Staff \relative { \clef treble \freeBass "1" r8 d'32 s16. c32 s16. bes32 s16. a32[ cis] s16 \clef bass \stdBass "Master" << { r16 <f, bes d>^"b" r <e a c>^"am" r <d g bes>^"gm" | <e a cis>1^"a" } \\ { d8_"D" c_"C" bes_"B" | a1_"A" } >> } >>
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Changing the text for sustain markings
Staff.pedalSustainStrings
can be used to set the text used for
pedal down and up. Note that the only valid strings are those found in
the list of pedal glyphs - the values used this snippet constitute an
exhaustive list.
sustainNotes = { c4\sustainOn d e\sustainOff\sustainOn f\sustainOff } \relative c' { \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("P" "P-" "-") \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("d" "de" "e") \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("M" "M-" "-") \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("Ped" "*Ped" "*") \sustainNotes }
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Clusters
Clusters are a device to denote that a complete range of notes is to be played.
fragment = \relative c' { c4 f <e d'>4 <g a>8 <e a> a4 c2 <d b>4 e2 c } << \new Staff \fragment \new Staff \makeClusters \fragment >>
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Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
Il posizionamento dei numeri della diteggiatura può essere regolato in modo preciso. Perché l’orientamento funzioni, occorre usare il costrutto per gli accordi <> anche per le note singole. Si può impostare in modo simile l’orientamento dei numeri di corda e delle diteggiature della mano destra.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up left down) <f\3 a\2 c\1>1 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(down right up) <c\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2 c'\rightHandFinger #4 > }
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Creating slurs across voices
In some situations, it may be necessary to create slurs between notes
from different voices. The solution is to add invisible notes to one of
the voices, using \hideNotes
.
This example is measure 235 of the Ciaconna from Bach’s 2nd Partita for solo violin, BWV 1004.
\relative c' { << { d16( a') s a s a[ s a] s a[ s a] } \\ { \slurUp bes,16[ s e]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes f[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes fis]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes g[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes gis]( \hideNotes a) } >> }
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Cross-staff chords - beaming problems workaround
Sometimes it is better to use stems from the upper staff for creating
cross-staff chords, because no problems with automatic beam collision
avoidance then arise. If the stems from the lower staff were used in
the following example, it would be necessary to change the automatic
beam collision avoidance settings so that it doesn’t detect collisions
between staves using
\override Staff.Beam.collision-voice-only = ##t
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = up \relative c' { << { r4 \override Stem.cross-staff = ##t \override Stem.length = #19 % this is in half-spaces, % so it makes stems 9.5 staffspaces long \override Stem.Y-offset = #-6 % stems are normally lengthened % upwards, so here we must lower the stem by the amount % equal to the lengthening - in this case (19 - 7) / 2 % (7 is default stem length) e e e } { s4 \change Staff = "bottom" \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t c, c c } >> } \new Staff = bottom \relative c' { \clef bass \voiceOne g8 a g a g a g a } >>
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Tremoli attraverso i righi
Dato che \repeat tremolo
si aspetta esattamente due argomenti musicali per
i tremoli di accordi, la nota o l’accordo che cambiano rigo in un tremolo che
attraversa i righi devono essere posti tra parentesi graffe insieme al
comando \change Staff
.
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 3/8 s4. } \new Staff = "down" \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 3/8 \voiceOne \repeat tremolo 6 { <a e'>32 { \change Staff = "up" \voiceTwo <cis a' dis>32 } } } >>
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Fine-tuning pedal brackets
The appearance of pedal brackets may be altered in different ways.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c2\sostenutoOn c c2\sostenutoOff c \once \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket.shorten-pair = #'(-7 . -2) c2\sostenutoOn c c2\sostenutoOff c \once \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket.edge-height = #'(0 . 3) c2\sostenutoOn c c2\sostenutoOff c }
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Indicare accordi trasversali al rigo con la parentesi quadrata dell’arpeggio
Una parentesi quadrata dell’arpeggio può indicare che delle note su due righi
diversi devono essere suonate con la stessa mano. Per farlo, bisogna far sì che
PianoStaff
accetti gli arpeggi trasversali ai righi e gli arpeggi siano
impostati nella forma della parentesi quadrata nel contesto PianoStaff
.
(Debussy, Les collines d’Anacapri, m. 65)
\new PianoStaff << \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t \override PianoStaff.Arpeggio.stencil = #ly:arpeggio::brew-chord-bracket \new Staff { \relative c' { \key b \major \time 6/8 b8-.(\arpeggio fis'-.\> cis-. e-. gis-. b-.)\!\fermata^\laissezVibrer \bar "||" } } \new Staff { \relative c' { \clef bass \key b \major << { <a e cis>2.\arpeggio } \\ { <a, e a,>2. } >> } } >>
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Modello per combo jazz
Ecco un modello piuttosto complesso, per un gruppo jazz. Si noti che tutti
gli strumenti sono in \key c \major
. Si tratta della tonalità
reale; sarà trasposta automaticamente includendo la
musica all’interno di una sezione \transpose
.
\header { title = "Song" subtitle = "(tune)" composer = "Me" meter = "moderato" piece = "Swing" tagline = \markup { \column { "LilyPond example file by Amelie Zapf," "Berlin 07/07/2003" } } } % To make the example display in the documentation \paper { paper-width = 130 } %#(set-global-staff-size 16) \include "english.ly" %%%%%%%%%%%% Some macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% sl = { \override NoteHead.style = #'slash \hide Stem } nsl = { \revert NoteHead.style \undo \hide Stem } crOn = \override NoteHead.style = #'cross crOff = \revert NoteHead.style %% insert chord name style stuff here. jazzChords = { } %%%%%%%%%%%% Keys'n'thangs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% global = { \time 4/4 } Key = { \key c \major } % ############ Horns ############ % ------ Trumpet ------ trpt = \transpose c d \relative c'' { \Key c1 | c | c | } trpHarmony = \transpose c' d { \jazzChords } trumpet = { \global \clef treble << \trpt >> } % ------ Alto Saxophone ------ alto = \transpose c a \relative c' { \Key c1 | c | c | } altoHarmony = \transpose c' a { \jazzChords } altoSax = { \global \clef treble << \alto >> } % ------ Baritone Saxophone ------ bari = \transpose c a' \relative c { \Key c1 c1 \sl d4^"Solo" d d d \nsl } bariHarmony = \transpose c' a \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 s d2:maj e:m7 } bariSax = { \global \clef treble << \bari >> } % ------ Trombone ------ tbone = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } tboneHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords } trombone = { \global \clef bass << \tbone >> } % ############ Rhythm Section ############# % ------ Guitar ------ gtr = \relative c'' { \Key c1 \sl b4 b b b \nsl c1 } gtrHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 c2:min7+ d2:maj9 } guitar = { \global \clef treble << \gtr >> } %% ------ Piano ------ rhUpper = \relative c'' { \voiceOne \Key c1 | c | c } rhLower = \relative c' { \voiceTwo \Key e1 | e | e } lhUpper = \relative c' { \voiceOne \Key g1 | g | g } lhLower = \relative c { \voiceTwo \Key c1 | c | c } PianoRH = { \clef treble \global << \new Voice = "one" \rhUpper \new Voice = "two" \rhLower >> } PianoLH = { \clef bass \global << \new Voice = "one" \lhUpper \new Voice = "two" \lhLower >> } piano = { << \new Staff = "upper" \PianoRH \new Staff = "lower" \PianoLH >> } % ------ Bass Guitar ------ Bass = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } bass = { \global \clef bass << \Bass >> } % ------ Drums ------ up = \drummode { \voiceOne hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> } down = \drummode { \voiceTwo bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s } drumContents = { \global << \new DrumVoice \up \new DrumVoice \down >> } %%%%%%%%% It All Goes Together Here %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \score { << \new StaffGroup = "horns" << \new Staff = "trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \trumpet \new Staff = "altosax" \with { instrumentName = "Alto Sax" } \altoSax \new ChordNames = "barichords" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \bariHarmony \new Staff = "barisax" \with { instrumentName = "Bari Sax" } \bariSax \new Staff = "trombone" \with { instrumentName = "Trombone" } \trombone >> \new StaffGroup = "rhythm" << \new ChordNames = "chords" \gtrHarmony \new Staff = "guitar" \with { instrumentName = "Guitar" } \guitar \new PianoStaff = "piano" \with { instrumentName = "Piano" midiInstrument = "acoustic grand" } \piano \new Staff = "bass" \with { instrumentName = "Bass" } \bass \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "Drums" } \drumContents >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } \context { \Score \override BarNumber.padding = #3 \override RehearsalMark.padding = #2 skipBars = ##t } } \midi { } }
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Laissez vibrer ties
Laissez vibrer ties have a fixed size. Their formatting can be tuned
using 'tie-configuration
.
\relative c' { <c e g>4\laissezVibrer r <c f g>\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4.\laissezVibrer r8 <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r \override LaissezVibrerTieColumn.tie-configuration = #`((-7 . ,DOWN) (-5 . ,DOWN) (-3 . ,UP) (-1 . ,UP)) <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r }
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Modello per pianoforte (semplice)
Ecco un comune doppio pentagramma per pianoforte con un po’ di note.
upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } \score { \new PianoStaff \with { instrumentName = "Piano" } << \new Staff = "upper" \upper \new Staff = "lower" \lower >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per pianoforte con testo al centro
Invece di destinare un rigo a parte alla linea melodica e al suo testo, è possibile collocare il testo al centro di un doppio pentagramma per pianoforte.
upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = upper { \new Voice = "singer" \upper } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "singer" \text \new Staff = lower { \lower } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per pianoforte con melodia e testo
Ecco un tipico formato per canzoni: un rigo con linea melodica e testo, e sotto l’accompagnamento per pianoforte.
melody = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } \score { << \new Voice = "mel" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto mel \text \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "upper" \upper \new Staff = "lower" \lower >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } } \midi { } }
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Removing brace on first line of piano score
This snippet removes the first brace from a PianoStaff
or a
GrandStaff
.
It may be useful when cutting and pasting the engraved image into existing music.
It uses \alterBroken
.
someMusic = { \once \override Staff.Clef.stencil = ##f \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = ##f \repeat unfold 3 c1 \break \repeat unfold 5 c1 \break \repeat unfold 5 c1 } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "right" \relative c'' \someMusic \new Staff = "left" \relative c' { \clef F \someMusic } >> \layout { indent=75 \context { \PianoStaff \alterBroken transparent #'(#t) SystemStartBrace } } }
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Using autochange with more than one voice
Using autochange
with more than one voice.
\score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "up" { << \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'() \set Timing.beatStructure = #'(4) \new Voice { \voiceOne \autoChange \relative c' { g8 a b c d e f g g,8 a b c d e f g } } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \autoChange \relative c' { g8 a b c d e f g g,,8 a b c d e f g } } >> } \new Staff = "down" { \clef bass } >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con riduzione per pianoforte automatica
Questo modello aggiunge una riduzione automatica per pianoforte alla tipica
partitura vocale SATB illustrata in “Modello per complesso vocale”. Si
dimostra così uno dei punti di forza di LilyPond – è possibile usare una
definizione musicale più di una volta. Qualsiasi modifica venga fatta alle note
delle voci (ad esempio, tenorMusic
) verrà applicata anche alla riduzione
per pianoforte.
\paper { top-system-spacing.basic-distance = #10 score-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 last-bottom-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative { c''4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative { e'4 f d e } altoWords =\lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { << \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with { % This is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with { % This is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "basses" \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f \partCombine << \global \sopMusic >> << \global \altoMusic >> >> \new Staff << \clef bass \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f \partCombine << \global \tenorMusic >> << \global \bassMusic >> >> >> >> }
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Percussion
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Adding drum parts
Using the powerful pre-configured tools such as the \drummode
function and the DrumStaff
context, inputting drum parts is
quite easy: drums are placed at their own staff positions (with a
special clef symbol) and have note heads according to the drum.
Attaching an extra symbol to the drum or restricting the number of
lines is possible.
drh = \drummode { cymc4.^"crash" hhc16^"h.h." hh hhc8 hho hhc8 hh16 hh hhc4 r4 r2 } drl = \drummode { bd4 sn8 bd bd4 << bd ss >> bd8 tommh tommh bd toml toml bd tomfh16 tomfh } timb = \drummode { timh4 ssh timl8 ssh r timh r4 ssh8 timl r4 cb8 cb } \score { << \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "timbales" drumStyleTable = #timbales-style \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #2 \override BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1 . 1) } << \timb >> \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "drums" } << \new DrumVoice { \stemUp \drh } \new DrumVoice { \stemDown \drl } >> >> \layout { } \midi { \tempo 4 = 120 } }
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Cow and ride bell example
Two different bells, entered with ’cb’ (cowbell) and ’rb’ (ridebell).
\paper { tagline = ##f } #(define mydrums '((ridebell default #f 3) (cowbell default #f -2))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Different Bells" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \set DrumStaff.clefPosition = 0.5 \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.0 . 1.5) \time 2/4 rb8 8 cb8 16 rb16-> ~ | 16 8 16 cb8 8 | }
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Customized drum notation in printed and MIDI output
Customized drum “pitch” names (suitable for a custom drum style, for
example) may be used both in printed and MIDI output by defining such
variables as drumPitchNames
, drumStyleTable
and
midiDrumPitches
, as demonstrated here. In short, this snippet:
- defines some "pitch" names,
- defines how they will be rendered,
- tells LilyPond to use them for layout,
- assigns pitches to the names,
- tells LilyPond to use them for MIDI output.
%% This snippet tries to amend %% NR 2.5.1 Common notation for percussion - Custom percussion staves %% http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/common-notation-for-percussion#custom-percussion-staves %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% To use custom drum pitch names for your score and midi you need to follow %% this route: %% %%%%%%%%%%%% %% LAYOUT: %%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% (1) Define a name and put it in `drumPitchNames' %% This can be done at toplevel with %% drumPitchNames.my-name = #'my-name %% It's possible to add an alias as well. %% (2) Define how it should be printed %% Therefore put them into a top-level list, where each entry should %% be of the form: %% (my-name %% note-head-style-or-default %% articulation-type-or-#f %% staff-position) %% Example: %% #(define my-style %% '( %% (my-name default tenuto -1) %% ; ... %% )) %% (3) Tell LilyPond to use these custom definitions, with %% drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table my-style) %% in a \layout or \with block %% %% Now we're done for layout. Here is a short but complete example: %% \new DrumStaff %% \with { drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table my-style) } %% \drummode { my-name } %% %%%%%%%%%%%% %% MIDI: %%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% (1) Again at top-level, assign a pitch to your custom note name %% midiDrumPitches.my-name = ges %% Note that you have to use the name, which is in drumPitchNames, no alias %% (2) Tell LilyPond to use this pitch(es), with %% drumPitchTable = #(alist->hash-table midiDrumPitches) %% %% Example: %% \score { %% \new DrumStaff %% \with { %% drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table my-style) %% drumPitchTable = #(alist->hash-table midiDrumPitches) %% } %% \drummode { my-name4 } %% \layout {} %% \midi {} %% } %% %%%%%%%%%%%% %% TESTING %%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% To test whether all is fine, run the following sequence in terminal: %% lilypond my-file.ly %% midi2ly my-file.midi %% gedit my-file-midi.ly %% %% This will do the following: %% 1. create pdf and midi %% 2. transform the midi back to a .ly-file %% (note: midi2ly is not always good in correctly identifying enharmonic pitches) %% 3. open this file in gedit (or use another editor) %% Now watch what you've got. %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% FULL EXAMPLE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% drumPitchNames.dbass = #'dbass drumPitchNames.dba = #'dbass % 'db is in use already drumPitchNames.dbassmute = #'dbassmute drumPitchNames.dbm = #'dbassmute drumPitchNames.do = #'dopen drumPitchNames.dopenmute = #'dopenmute drumPitchNames.dom = #'dopenmute drumPitchNames.dslap = #'dslap drumPitchNames.ds = #'dslap drumPitchNames.dslapmute = #'dslapmute drumPitchNames.dsm = #'dslapmute #(define djembe '((dbass default #f -2) (dbassmute default stopped -2) (dopen default #f 0) (dopenmute default stopped 0) (dslap default #f 2) (dslapmute default stopped 2))) midiDrumPitches.dbass = g midiDrumPitches.dbassmute = fis midiDrumPitches.dopen = a midiDrumPitches.dopenmute = gis midiDrumPitches.dslap = b midiDrumPitches.dslapmute = ais one = \drummode { r4 dba4 do ds r dbm dom dsm } \score { \new DrumStaff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #3 instrumentName = #"Djembe " drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table djembe) drumPitchTable = #(alist->hash-table midiDrumPitches) } \one \layout {} \midi {} }
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Heavily customized polymetric time signatures
Though the polymetric time signature shown was not the most essential item here, it has been included to show the beat of this piece (which is the template of a real Balkan song!).
melody = \relative c'' { \key g \major \compoundMeter #'((3 8) (2 8) (2 8) (3 8) (2 8) (2 8) (2 8) (2 8) (3 8) (2 8) (2 8)) c8 c c d4 c8 c b c b a4 g fis8 e d c b' c d e4-^ fis8 g \break c,4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 \break c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 c4. d4 c4 d4. c4 d c2 d4. e4-^ d4 \break } drum = \new DrumStaff \drummode { \repeat volta 2 { bd4.^\markup { Drums } sn4 bd \bar ";" sn4. bd4 sn \bar ";" bd sn bd4. sn4 bd } } \new Staff \with { instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "B" \flat " Sop." } } } { \melody \drum }
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High and Low woodblock example
Two Woodblocks, entered with ’wbh’ (high woodblock) and ’wbl’ (low woodblock). The length of the barline has been altered with an \override command otherwise it would be too short. The positions of the two stafflines also have to be explicitly defined.
\paper { tagline = ##f } % These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave; % if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads % for the woodblocks. #(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #f 3) (lowoodblock default #f -2))) woodstaff = { % This defines a staff with only two lines. % It also defines the positions of the two lines. \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(-2 3) % This is necessary; if not entered, % the barline would be too short! \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.0 . 1.5) % small correction for the clef: \set DrumStaff.clefPosition = 0.5 } \new DrumStaff { % with this you load your new drum style table \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \woodstaff \drummode { \time 2/4 wbl8 16 16 8-> 8 | wbl8 16 16-> ~ 16 16 r8 | } }
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Modello per combo jazz
Ecco un modello piuttosto complesso, per un gruppo jazz. Si noti che tutti
gli strumenti sono in \key c \major
. Si tratta della tonalità
reale; sarà trasposta automaticamente includendo la
musica all’interno di una sezione \transpose
.
\header { title = "Song" subtitle = "(tune)" composer = "Me" meter = "moderato" piece = "Swing" tagline = \markup { \column { "LilyPond example file by Amelie Zapf," "Berlin 07/07/2003" } } } % To make the example display in the documentation \paper { paper-width = 130 } %#(set-global-staff-size 16) \include "english.ly" %%%%%%%%%%%% Some macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% sl = { \override NoteHead.style = #'slash \hide Stem } nsl = { \revert NoteHead.style \undo \hide Stem } crOn = \override NoteHead.style = #'cross crOff = \revert NoteHead.style %% insert chord name style stuff here. jazzChords = { } %%%%%%%%%%%% Keys'n'thangs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% global = { \time 4/4 } Key = { \key c \major } % ############ Horns ############ % ------ Trumpet ------ trpt = \transpose c d \relative c'' { \Key c1 | c | c | } trpHarmony = \transpose c' d { \jazzChords } trumpet = { \global \clef treble << \trpt >> } % ------ Alto Saxophone ------ alto = \transpose c a \relative c' { \Key c1 | c | c | } altoHarmony = \transpose c' a { \jazzChords } altoSax = { \global \clef treble << \alto >> } % ------ Baritone Saxophone ------ bari = \transpose c a' \relative c { \Key c1 c1 \sl d4^"Solo" d d d \nsl } bariHarmony = \transpose c' a \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 s d2:maj e:m7 } bariSax = { \global \clef treble << \bari >> } % ------ Trombone ------ tbone = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } tboneHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords } trombone = { \global \clef bass << \tbone >> } % ############ Rhythm Section ############# % ------ Guitar ------ gtr = \relative c'' { \Key c1 \sl b4 b b b \nsl c1 } gtrHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 c2:min7+ d2:maj9 } guitar = { \global \clef treble << \gtr >> } %% ------ Piano ------ rhUpper = \relative c'' { \voiceOne \Key c1 | c | c } rhLower = \relative c' { \voiceTwo \Key e1 | e | e } lhUpper = \relative c' { \voiceOne \Key g1 | g | g } lhLower = \relative c { \voiceTwo \Key c1 | c | c } PianoRH = { \clef treble \global << \new Voice = "one" \rhUpper \new Voice = "two" \rhLower >> } PianoLH = { \clef bass \global << \new Voice = "one" \lhUpper \new Voice = "two" \lhLower >> } piano = { << \new Staff = "upper" \PianoRH \new Staff = "lower" \PianoLH >> } % ------ Bass Guitar ------ Bass = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } bass = { \global \clef bass << \Bass >> } % ------ Drums ------ up = \drummode { \voiceOne hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> } down = \drummode { \voiceTwo bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s } drumContents = { \global << \new DrumVoice \up \new DrumVoice \down >> } %%%%%%%%% It All Goes Together Here %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \score { << \new StaffGroup = "horns" << \new Staff = "trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \trumpet \new Staff = "altosax" \with { instrumentName = "Alto Sax" } \altoSax \new ChordNames = "barichords" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \bariHarmony \new Staff = "barisax" \with { instrumentName = "Bari Sax" } \bariSax \new Staff = "trombone" \with { instrumentName = "Trombone" } \trombone >> \new StaffGroup = "rhythm" << \new ChordNames = "chords" \gtrHarmony \new Staff = "guitar" \with { instrumentName = "Guitar" } \guitar \new PianoStaff = "piano" \with { instrumentName = "Piano" midiInstrument = "acoustic grand" } \piano \new Staff = "bass" \with { instrumentName = "Bass" } \bass \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "Drums" } \drumContents >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } \context { \Score \override BarNumber.padding = #3 \override RehearsalMark.padding = #2 skipBars = ##t } } \midi { } }
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Percussion beaters
Graphic symbols for percussion instruments are not natively supported; however it is possible to include such symbols, either as an external EPS file or as embedded PostScript code inside a markup, as demonstrated in this example.
stick = \markup { \with-dimensions #'(0 . 5) #'(0 . 5) \postscript " 0 6 translate 0.8 -0.8 scale 0 0 0 setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 0 setlinecap gsave [1 0 0 1 0 0] concat gsave [1 0 0 1 -3.5406095 -199.29342] concat gsave 0 0 0 setrgbcolor newpath 7.1434065 200.94354 moveto 7.2109628 200.90454 7.2785188 200.86554 7.3460747 200.82654 curveto 8.2056347 202.31535 9.0651946 203.80414 9.9247546 205.29295 curveto 9.8571989 205.33195 9.7896429 205.37095 9.7220864 205.40996 curveto 8.8625264 203.92115 8.0029664 202.43233 7.1434065 200.94354 curveto closepath eofill grestore gsave 0 0 0 setrgbcolor newpath 4.9646672 203.10444 moveto 5.0036707 203.03688 5.0426744 202.96933 5.0816777 202.90176 curveto 6.5704792 203.76133 8.0592809 204.6209 9.5480824 205.48045 curveto 9.5090791 205.54801 9.4700754 205.61556 9.4310717 205.68311 curveto 7.94227 204.82356 6.4534687 203.96399 4.9646672 203.10444 curveto closepath eofill grestore gsave << /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Coords [113.13708 207.87465 0 113.13708 207.87465 16.162441] /Extend [true true] /Domain [0 1] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0 1] /C0 [1 1 1] /C1 [0.72941178 0.72941178 0.72941178] /N 1 >> ] /Domain [0 1] /Bounds [ ] /Encode [ 0 1 ] >> >> newpath 7.6422017 200.76488 moveto 7.6505696 201.02554 7.3905363 201.24867 7.1341335 201.20075 curveto 6.8759501 201.16916 6.6949602 200.87978 6.7801462 200.63381 curveto 6.8480773 200.39155 7.1438307 200.25377 7.3728389 200.35861 curveto 7.5332399 200.42458 7.6444521 200.59122 7.6422017 200.76488 curveto closepath clip gsave [ 0.052859054 0.063089841 -0.020912282 0.017521108 5.7334261 189.76443 ] concat shfill grestore grestore 0 0 0 setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.027282091 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 0 setlinecap newpath 7.6422017 200.76488 moveto 7.6505696 201.02554 7.3905363 201.24867 7.1341335 201.20075 curveto 6.8759501 201.16916 6.6949602 200.87978 6.7801462 200.63381 curveto 6.8480773 200.39155 7.1438307 200.25377 7.3728389 200.35861 curveto 7.5332399 200.42458 7.6444521 200.59122 7.6422017 200.76488 curveto closepath stroke gsave << /ShadingType 3 /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /Coords [113.13708 207.87465 0 113.13708 207.87465 16.162441] /Extend [true true] /Domain [0 1] /Function << /FunctionType 3 /Functions [ << /FunctionType 2 /Domain [0 1] /C0 [1 1 1] /C1 [0.72941178 0.72941178 0.72941178] /N 1 >> ] /Domain [0 1] /Bounds [ ] /Encode [ 0 1 ] >> >> newpath 5.2721217 202.83181 moveto 5.2804896 203.09247 5.0204563 203.3156 4.7640539 203.26768 curveto 4.5058701 203.23609 4.3248803 202.94671 4.4100662 202.70074 curveto 4.4779975 202.45848 4.7737511 202.3207 5.0027593 202.42554 curveto 5.1631598 202.49149 5.2743721 202.65813 5.2721217 202.83181 curveto closepath clip gsave [ 0.052859054 0.063089841 -0.020912282 0.017521108 3.363346 191.83136 ] concat shfill grestore grestore 0 0 0 setrgbcolor [] 0 setdash 0.027282091 setlinewidth 0 setlinejoin 0 setlinecap newpath 5.2721217 202.83181 moveto 5.2804896 203.09247 5.0204563 203.3156 4.7640539 203.26768 curveto 4.5058701 203.23609 4.3248803 202.94671 4.4100662 202.70074 curveto 4.4779975 202.45848 4.7737511 202.3207 5.0027593 202.42554 curveto 5.1631598 202.49149 5.2743721 202.65813 5.2721217 202.83181 curveto closepath stroke grestore grestore " } \score { b1^\stick }
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Percussion example
A short example taken from Stravinsky’s L’Histoire du soldat.
#(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #f 4) (snare default #f -4) (tambourine default #f 0))) global = { \time 3/8 s4. \time 2/4 s2*2 \time 3/8 s4. \time 2/4 s2 } drumsA = { \context DrumVoice << { \global } { \drummode { \autoBeamOff \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 | sn4 \stemDown sn4 | \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 | \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 | \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb } } >> } drumsB = { \drummode { s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8 } } \layout { indent = 40 \context { \DrumStaff drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) } } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = \markup \center-column { "Tambourine" "et" "caisse claire s. timbre" } } \drumsA \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "Grosse Caisse" } \drumsB >> }
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Printing music with different time signatures
In the following snippet, two parts have a completely different time signature, yet remain synchronized.
The bar lines can no longer be printed at the Score
level; to
allow independent bar lines in each part, the Timing_translator
is moved from the Score
context to the Staff
context.
If bar numbers are required, the Bar_number_engraver
should also
be moved, since it relies on properties set by the
Timing_translator
; a \with
block can be used to add bar
numbers to the relevant staff.
\paper { indent = #0 ragged-right = ##t } global = { \time 3/4 { s2.*3 } \bar "" \break { s2.*3 } } \layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" \remove "Bar_number_engraver" \override SpacingSpanner.uniform-stretching = ##t \override SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/64) } \context { \Staff \consists "Timing_translator" } \context { \Voice \remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" tupletFullLength = ##t } } Bassklarinette = \new Staff \with { \consists "Bar_number_engraver" barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2) \override BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible } << \global { \bar "|" \clef treble \time 3/8 d''4. \bar "|" \time 3/4 r8 des''2( c''8) \bar "|" \time 7/8 r4. ees''2 ~ \bar "|" \time 2/4 \tupletUp \tuplet 3/2 { ees''4 r4 d''4 ~ } \bar "|" \time 3/8 \tupletUp \tuplet 4/3 { d''4 r4 } \bar "|" \time 2/4 e''2 \bar "|" \time 3/8 es''4. \bar "|" \time 3/4 r8 d''2 r8 \bar "|" } >> Perkussion = \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \global { \bar "|" \clef percussion \time 3/4 r4 c'2 ~ \bar "|" c'2. \bar "|" R2. \bar "|" r2 g'4 ~ \bar "|" g'2. ~ \bar "|" g'2. } >> \new Staff << \global { \bar "|" \clef percussion \time 3/4 R2. \bar "|" g'2. ~ \bar "|" g'2. \bar "|" r4 g'2 ~ \bar "|" g'2 r4 \bar "|" g'2. } >> >> \score { << \Bassklarinette \Perkussion >> }
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Tam-tam example
A tam-tam example, entered with ’tt’
#(define mydrums '((tamtam default #f 0))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tamtam" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer }
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Tambourine example
A tambourine example, entered ’tamb’
\paper { tagline = ##f } #(define mydrums '((tambourine default #f 0))) \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = #"Tambourine" } \drummode { \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1.5 . 1.5) \time 6/8 tamb8. 16 8 8 8 8 | tamb4. 8 8 8 | % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span! tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan | }
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Fretted strings
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Adding fingerings to a score
Fingering instructions can be entered using a simple syntax.
\relative c'' { c4-1 d-2 f-4 e-3 }
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Adding fingerings to tablatures
To add fingerings to tablatures, use a combination of \markup
and \finger
.
one = \markup { \finger 1 } two = \markup { \finger 2 } threeTwo = \markup { \override #'(baseline-skip . 2) \column { \finger 3 \finger 2 } } threeFour = \markup { \override #'(baseline-skip . 2) \column { \finger 3 \finger 4 } } \score { \new TabStaff { \tabFullNotation \stemUp e8\4^\one b\2 <g\3 e'\1>^>[ b\2 e\4] <a\3 fis'\1>^>^\threeTwo[ b\2 e\4] } }
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Adding markups in a tablature
By default markups does not show in a tablature.
To make them appear, simply use the command
\revert TabStaff.TextScript.stencil
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=919 % by P.P.Schneider on June 2014 high = { r4 r8 <g c'> q r8 r4 } low = { c4 r4 c8 r8 g,8 b, } pulse = { s8^"1" s^"&" s^"2" s^"&" s^"3" s^"&" s^"4" s^"&" } \score { \new TabStaff { \repeat unfold 2 << \high \\ \low \\ \pulse >> } \layout { \context { \TabStaff \clef moderntab \revert TextScript.stencil \override TextScript.font-series = #'bold \override TextScript.font-size = #-2 \override TextScript.color = #red } \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) } } }
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Far sì che la diteggiatura appaia dentro il rigo
Per impostazione predefinita, le diteggiature orientate verticalmente sono poste fuori dal rigo; questo comportamento tuttavia può essere disabilitato. Occorre fare attenzione alle situazioni in cui le diteggiature e i gambi sono rivolti nella stessa direzione: normalmente le diteggiature evitano soltanto i gambi con travature. Questa impostazione predefinita può essere cambiata in modo da evitare tutti i gambi oppure nessuno. L’esempio seguente mostra queste due opzioni, così come tornare al comportamento predefinito.
\relative c' { <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 \override Fingering.staff-padding = #'() <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 g'-0 a8[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##f a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##t a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = #only-if-beamed a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r }
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Automatic Fretboards Barre
When automatic fretboards are used, barre indicators will be drawn whenever one finger is responsible for multiple strings.
If no finger indications are given in the chord from which the automatic fretboard is created, no barre indicators will be included, because there is no way to identify where barres should be placed.
\new FretBoards { <f,-1 c-3 f-4 a-2 c'-1 f'-1>1 <f, c f a c' f'>1 }
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Cambiare l’orientamento della tastiera
I diagrammi dei tasti possono essere orientati in tre modi.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" << \chords { c1 c1 c1 } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'landscape c1 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'opposing-landscape c1 } } \new Voice { c'1 c'1 c' } >>
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Glissando di accordi in intavolatura
I glissati (o slide) di accordi vengono indicati sia nel rigo (contesto
Staff
) sia nell’intavolatura (contesto TabStaff
). I numeri
di corda sono necessari per TabStaff
, perché i calcoli automatici
della corda sono diversi per gli accordi e per le note singole.
myMusic = \relative c' { <c e g>1 \glissando <f a c> } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \myMusic } \new TabStaff \myMusic >> } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \myMusic } \new TabStaff \with { \override Glissando.style = #'none } { \myMusic } >> }
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Cambi di accordo nei diagrammi dei tasti
Si può impostare il contesto FretBoards in modo che mostri il diagramma solo quando l’accordo cambia o all’inizio di una nuova linea.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" myChords = \chordmode { c1 c1 \break \set chordChanges = ##t c1 c1 \break c1 c1 } << \new ChordNames { \myChords } \new FretBoards { \myChords } \new Staff { \myChords } >>
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Chords with stretched fingering for FretBoards and TabVoice
Sometimes chords with a stretched fingering are required. If not
otherwise specified the context-property maximumFretStretch
is
set to 4
, though. Resulting in a warning about "No string for
pitch ..." and the note is omitted. You may set
maximumFretStretch
to an approppriate value or explecitely
assign string-numbers to all notes of a chord.
%% The code below will print two warnings, which may be omitted by uncommenting: %#(for-each (lambda (x) (ly:expect-warning "No string for pitch")) (iota 2)) mus = { <c' bes'> <c'\2 bes'> \set maximumFretStretch = 5 <c' bes'> <c'\2 bes'\1> } << \new FretBoards \mus \new TabVoice \mus >>
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Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
Il posizionamento dei numeri della diteggiatura può essere regolato in modo preciso. Perché l’orientamento funzioni, occorre usare il costrutto per gli accordi <> anche per le note singole. Si può impostare in modo simile l’orientamento dei numeri di corda e delle diteggiature della mano destra.
\relative c' { \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down right up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(up) <c-1 e-3 a-5>4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(left) <c-1>2 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(down) <e-3>2 \set stringNumberOrientations = #'(up left down) <f\3 a\2 c\1>1 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(down right up) <c\rightHandFinger #1 e\rightHandFinger #2 c'\rightHandFinger #4 > }
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Personalizzare la tastiera del diagramma dei tasti
Le proprietà del diagramma dei tasti possono essere impostate tramite
'fret-diagram-details
. Per i diagrammi dell’oggetto FretBoard,
gli override vengono applicati all’oggetto FretBoards.FretBoard
.
Come Voice
, FretBoards
è un contesto di basso livello,
dunque può essere omesso negli override delle proprietà.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { c' } #guitar-tuning #"x;1-1-(;3-2;3-3;3-4;1-1-);" % shorthand oo = #(define-music-function (grob-path value) (list? scheme?) #{ \once \override $grob-path = #value #}) << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 | c | c | d } } \new FretBoards { % Set global properties of fret diagram \override FretBoards.FretBoard.size = #'1.2 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'white \chordmode { c \oo FretBoard.size #'1.0 \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.barre-type #'straight \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color #'black \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code #'below-string c' \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.barre-type #'none \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.number-type #'arabic \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation #'landscape \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.mute-string #"M" \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.label-dir #LEFT \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color #'black c' \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code #'below-string \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-radius #0.35 \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-position #0.5 \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.fret-count #3 d } } \new Voice { c'1 | c' | c' | d' } >>
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Personalizzare il diagramma dei tasti di tipo markup
Le proprietà del diagramma dei tasti si possono impostare tramite
'fret-diagram-details
. Per diagrammi di tipo markup, gli
override possono essere applicati all’oggetto Voice.TextScript
o
direttamente al markup.
<< \chords { c1 | c | c | d } \new Voice = "mel" { \textLengthOn % Set global properties of fret diagram \override TextScript.size = #'1.2 \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'white %% C major for guitar, no barre, using defaults % terse style c'1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse "x;3-3;2-2;o;1-1;o;" } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % size 1.0 % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'1^\markup { % standard size \override #'(size . 1.0) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . in-dot) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % landscape orientation, arabic numbers, M for mute string % no barre, fret label down or left, small mute label font c'1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (number-type . arabic) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (orientation . landscape) (barre-type . none) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } %% simple D chord % terse style % larger dots, centered dots, fewer frets % label below string d'1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } } >>
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Definire diagrammi dei tasti predefiniti per altri strumenti
Si possono aggiungere diagrammi dei tasti predefiniti per nuovi strumenti oltre a quelli standard per chitarra. Questo frammento mostra come farlo definendo una nuova accordatura e alcuni diagrammi predefiniti per il quatro venezuelano.
Mostra anche come includere le diteggiature negli accordi usati come punti
di riferimento per la consultazione degli accordi e come mostrarle nel
diagramma dei tasti e in TabStaff
, ma non nella musica.
Questi diagrammi non sono trasponibili perché contengono informazioni sulle corde. È prevista una correzione in futuro.
% add FretBoards for the Cuatro % Note: This section could be put into a separate file % predefined-cuatro-fretboards.ly % and \included into each of your compositions cuatroTuning = #`(,(ly:make-pitch 0 6 0) ,(ly:make-pitch 1 3 SHARP) ,(ly:make-pitch 1 1 0) ,(ly:make-pitch 0 5 0)) dSix = { <a\4 b\1 d\3 fis\2> } dMajor = { <a\4 d\1 d\3 fis \2> } aMajSeven = { <a\4 cis\1 e\3 g\2> } dMajSeven = { <a\4 c\1 d\3 fis\2> } gMajor = { <b\4 b\1 d\3 g\2> } \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \dSix #cuatroTuning #"o;o;o;o;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \dMajor #cuatroTuning #"o;o;o;3-3;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \aMajSeven #cuatroTuning #"o;2-2;1-1;2-3;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \dMajSeven #cuatroTuning #"o;o;o;1-1;" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \gMajor #cuatroTuning #"2-2;o;1-1;o;" % end of potential include file /predefined-cuatro-fretboards.ly #(set-global-staff-size 16) primerosNames = \chordmode { d:6 d a:maj7 d:maj7 g } primeros = { \dSix \dMajor \aMajSeven \dMajSeven \gMajor } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \primerosNames } \new Staff { \new Voice \with { \remove "New_fingering_engraver" } \relative c'' { \primeros } } \new FretBoards { \set Staff.stringTunings = #cuatroTuning % \override FretBoard % #'(fret-diagram-details string-count) = 4 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \primeros } \new TabStaff \relative c'' { \set TabStaff.stringTunings = #cuatroTuning \primeros } >> \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16) } } \midi { } }
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Faking a hammer in tablatures
A hammer in tablature can be faked with slurs.
\score { \new TabStaff { \relative c'' { \tabFullNotation c4( d) d( d) d2( c) } } }
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Diteggiature, indicazioni di corda e diteggiature della mano destra
Questo esempio combina la diteggiatura per la mano sinistra, le indicazioni di stringa e la diteggiatura della mano destra.
#(define RH rightHandFinger) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" <c-3\5\RH #1 >4 <e-2\4\RH #2 >4 <g-0\3\RH #3 >4 <c-1\2\RH #4 >4 }
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Flamenco notation
For flamenco guitar, special notation is used:
- a golpe symbol to indicate a slap on the guitar body with the nail of the ring finger
- an arrow to indicate (the direction of) strokes
- different letters for fingering (“p”: thumb, “i”: index finger, “m”: middle finger, “a”: ring finger and “x”: little finger)
- 3- and 4-finger rasgueados; stroke upwards with all fingers, ending with an up- and down using the index finger
- abanicos: strokes (in tuples) with thumb (down), little and index finger (both up). There’s also an abanico 2 where middle and ring finger are used instead of the little finger.
- alza pua: fast playing with the thumb
Most figures use arrows in combination with fingering; with abanicos and rasgueados, noteheads are printed only for the first chord.
This snippet contains some header-like code that can be copied as ‘flamenco.ly’ and included in source files.
%%%%%%% Cut here ----- Start 'flamenco.ly' % Text indicators : abanico = ^\markup\small { \italic Abanico } rasgueado = ^\markup\small { \italic Ras. } alzapua = ^\markup\small { \italic Alzapua } % Finger stroke symbols : strokeUp = \markup\combine\override #'(thickness . 1.3) \draw-line #'(0 . 2)\raise #2 \arrow-head #Y #UP ##f strokeDown = \markup\combine\arrow-head #Y #DOWN ##f \override #'(thickness . 1.3) \draw-line #'(0 . 2) % Golpe symbol : golpe = \markup { \filled-box #'(0 . 1) #'(0 . 1) #0 \hspace #-1.6 \with-color #white \filled-box #'(0.15 . 0.85) #'(0.15 . 0.85) #0 } % Strokes, fingers and golpe command : RHp = \rightHandFinger #1 RHi = \rightHandFinger #2 RHm = \rightHandFinger #3 RHa = \rightHandFinger #4 RHx = \rightHandFinger #5 RHu = \rightHandFinger \strokeUp RHd = \rightHandFinger \strokeDown RHg = \rightHandFinger \golpe % Just handy :) tupletOff = { \once \omit TupletNumber \once \omit TupletBracket } tupletsOff = { \omit TupletNumber \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam } tupletsOn = { \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'default \undo \omit TupletNumber } headsOff = { \hide TabNoteHead \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } headsOn = { \override TabNoteHead.transparent = ##f \override NoteHead.transparent = ##f \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##f } %%%%%%% Cut here ----- End 'flamenco.ly' %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% part = \relative c' { \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up) \key a\major <a, e' a cis e\RHu\RHi>8 <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHi>8 r4 r2^\markup\golpe <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi>8 <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHi>8 <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi\RHg>8 <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHi>8 r2 <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHa>16\rasgueado \headsOff <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHm> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi> <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHi>~ \headsOn <a e' a cis e>2 r4 \tupletOff \tuplet 5/4 { <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHx>16\rasgueado \headsOff <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHa> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHm> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi> <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHi>~ \headsOn } <a e' a cis e>2 r4 \tupletsOff \tuplet 3/2 { <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHp>8\abanico \headsOff <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHx> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi> \headsOn } \tuplet 3/2 { <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHp>8 \headsOff <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHx> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi> \headsOn } \tuplet 3/2 { <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHp>8 \headsOff <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHx> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi> \headsOn } \tuplet 3/2 { <a e' a cis e\RHd\RHp>8 \headsOff <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHx> <a e' a cis e\RHu\RHi> \headsOn } \tupletsOff \override Beam.positions = #'(2 . 2) \tuplet 3/2 { a8\RHp\alzapua <e' a\RHu\RHg> <e a\RHd> } \tuplet 3/2 { a,8\RHp <e' a\RHu\RHg> <e a\RHd> } \tuplet 3/2 { a,8\RHp <e' a\RHu\RHg> <e a\RHd> } \tuplet 3/2 { a,8\RHp <e' a\RHu\RHg> <e a\RHd> } \tupletsOn <a, e' a\RHu\RHm>1 \bar "|." } \score { \new StaffGroup << \context Staff = "part" << \clef "G_8" { \part } >> \context TabStaff { \part } >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t } }
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Fret diagrams explained and developed
This snippet shows many possibilities for obtaining and tweaking fret diagrams.
<< \chords { a2 a \repeat unfold 3 { c c c d d } } \new Voice = "mel" { \textLengthOn % Set global properties of fret diagram \override TextScript.size = #1.2 \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'below-string \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'black %% A chord for ukulele a'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (string-count . 4) (dot-color . white) (finger-code . in-dot))) { \fret-diagram "4-2-2;3-1-1;2-o;1-o;" } } %% A chord for ukulele, with formatting defined in definition string % 1.2 * size, 4 strings, 4 frets, fingerings below string % dot radius .35 of fret spacing, dot position 0.55 of fret spacing a'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (dot-color . white) (open-string . "o"))) { \fret-diagram "s:1.2;w:4;h:3;f:2;d:0.35;p:0.55;4-2-2;3-1-1;2-o;1-o;" } } %% These chords will be in normal orientation %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . below-string) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret %% Double barre used to test barre function % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . arabic) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . in-dot) (fret-label-font-mag . 0.6) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 4 2 5) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, with capo on third fret % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-upper) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . none) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0.5) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (capo 3) (open 5) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) (open 1)) } } } %% simple D chord d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (string-thickness-factor . 0.3) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } %% simple D chord, large top fret thickness d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (top-fret-thickness . 7) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } % These chords will be in landscape orientation \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'landscape %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . below-string) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret %% Double barre used to test barre function % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . arabic) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . in-dot) (fret-label-font-mag . 0.6) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 4 2 5) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, with capo on third fret % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-upper) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . none) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0.5) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (capo 3) (open 5) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) (open 1)) } } } %% simple D chord d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } %% simple D chord, large top fret thickness d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (top-fret-thickness . 7) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } % These chords will be in opposing-landscape orientation \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'opposing-landscape %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . below-string) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret %% Double barre used to test barre function % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . arabic) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . in-dot) (fret-label-font-mag . 0.6) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 4 2 5) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, with capo on third fret % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-upper) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . none) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0.5) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (capo 3) (open 5) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) (open 1)) } } } %% simple D chord d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } %% simple D chord, large top fret thickness d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (top-fret-thickness . 7) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } } >>
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Tabelle alternative per i diagrammi dei tasti
Si possono creare tabelle alternative per i diagrammi dei tasti. Queste possono essere usate per avere diagrammi alternativi per uno stesso accordo.
Per poter usare una tabella alternativa, deve prima essere creata. Quindi si aggiungono i diagrammi alla tabella.
La tabella può essere vuota oppure ricopiata da una tabella esistente.
La tabella da usare nel mostrare i diagrammi predefiniti viene selezionata
dalla proprietà \predefinedDiagramTable
.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" % Make a blank new fretboard table #(define custom-fretboard-table-one (make-fretboard-table)) % Make a new fretboard table as a copy of default-fret-table #(define custom-fretboard-table-two (make-fretboard-table default-fret-table)) % Add a chord to custom-fretboard-table-one \storePredefinedDiagram #custom-fretboard-table-one \chordmode {c} #guitar-tuning "3-(;3;5;5;5;3-);" % Add a chord to custom-fretboard-table-two \storePredefinedDiagram #custom-fretboard-table-two \chordmode {c} #guitar-tuning "x;3;5;5;5;o;" << \chords { c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { \set predefinedDiagramTable = #default-fret-table c1 | d1 | \set predefinedDiagramTable = #custom-fretboard-table-one c1 | d1 | \set predefinedDiagramTable = #custom-fretboard-table-two c1 | d1 | } } \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" << \chordmode { c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | c1 | d1 | } { s1_\markup "Default table" | s1 | s1_\markup \column {"New table" "from empty"} | s1 | s1_\markup \column {"New table" "from default"} | s1 | } >> } >>
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Armonici su corde premute in intavolatura
Questo frammento mostra come scrivere su intavolatura armonici su corde premute.
pinchedHarmonics = { \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup {\halign #-0.5 \teeny "PH" } \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #0.6 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.attach-dir = #1 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-0.5 } harmonics = { %artificial harmonics (AH) \textLengthOn <\parenthesize b b'\harmonic>4_\markup { \teeny "AH 16" } <\parenthesize g g'\harmonic>4_\markup { \teeny "AH 17" } <\parenthesize d' d''\harmonic>2_\markup { \teeny "AH 19" } %pinched harmonics (PH) \pinchedHarmonics <a'\harmonic>2\startTextSpan <d''\harmonic>4 <e'\harmonic>4\stopTextSpan %tapped harmonics (TH) <\parenthesize g\4 g'\harmonic>4_\markup { \teeny "TH 17" } <\parenthesize a\4 a'\harmonic>4_\markup { \teeny "TH 19" } <\parenthesize c'\3 c''\harmonic>2_\markup { \teeny "TH 17" } %touch harmonics (TCH) a4( <e''\harmonic>2. )_\markup { \teeny "TCH" } } frettedStrings = { %artificial harmonics (AH) \harmonicByFret #4 g4\3 \harmonicByFret #5 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #7 g2\3 %pinched harmonics (PH) \harmonicByFret #7 d2\4 \harmonicByFret #5 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #7 a4\5 %tapped harmonics (TH) \harmonicByFret #5 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #7 d4\4 \harmonicByFret #5 g2\3 %touch harmonics (TCH) a4 \harmonicByFret #9 g2.\3 } \score { << \new Staff \with { \omit StringNumber } { \new Voice { \clef "treble_8" \harmonics } } \new TabStaff { \new TabVoice { \frettedStrings } } >> }
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Guitar slides
Unlike glissandos, slides may go from an imprecise point of the fretboard to a specific fret. A good way to do this is to add a hidden grace note before the note which is actually played, as demonstrated in the following example.
%% Hide fret number: useful to draw slide into/from a casual point of %% the fretboard. hideFretNumber = { \once \hide TabNoteHead \once \hide NoteHead \once \hide Stem \once \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t \once \override Glissando.bound-details.left.padding = #0.3 } music= \relative c' { \grace { \hideFretNumber d8\2 \glissando s2 } g2\2 \grace { \hideFretNumber g8\2 \glissando s2 } d2 | \grace { \hideFretNumber c,8 \glissando s } f4\5^\markup \tiny { Slide into } \grace { \hideFretNumber f8 \glissando s } a4\4 \grace { \hideFretNumber e'8\3 \glissando s } b4\3^\markup \tiny { Slide from } \grace { \hideFretNumber b'8 \glissando s2 } g4 | } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "G_8" \music } \new TabStaff { \music } >> }
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Ritmi di accompagnamento per chitarra
Per la musica per chitarra, è possibile mostrare i ritmi di accompagnamento, insieme alle note della melodia e ai nomi e ai diagrammi degli accordi.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 | f | g | c } } \new FretBoards { \chordmode { c1 | f | g | c } } \new Voice \with { \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" } { \relative c'' { \improvisationOn c4 c8 c c4 c8 c f4 f8 f f4 f8 f g4 g8 g g4 g8 g c4 c8 c c4 c8 c } } \new Voice = "melody" { \relative c'' { c2 e4 e4 f2. r4 g2. a4 e4 c2. } } \new Lyrics { \lyricsto "melody" { This is my song. I like to sing. } } >>
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Martellato e strappato
Il martellato (hammer on) e lo strappato (pull off) si possono ottenere con le legature di portamento.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { d4( e\2) a( g) } }
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Martellato e strappato usando accordi
Quando il martellato o lo strappato si applicano a delle note in un accordo, viene disegnato
un solo arco. Ma è possibile avere un “doppio arco” impostando la proprietà
doubleSlurs
su #t
.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { % chord hammer-on and pull-off \set doubleSlurs = ##t <g' b>8( <a c> <g b>) } }
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Martellato e strappato usando le voci
L’arco del martellato o dello strappato è rivolto in alto nella prima e terza voce, mentre è rivolto in basso nella seconda e quarta voce.
\new TabStaff { \relative c' { << { \voiceOne g2( a) } \\ { \voiceTwo a,( b) } >> \oneVoice } }
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How to change fret diagram position
If you want to move the position of a fret diagram, for example, to avoid collision, or to place it between two notes, you have various possibilities:
1) modify #’padding or #’extra-offset values (as shown in the first snippet)
2) you can add an invisible voice and attach the fret diagrams to the invisible notes in that voice (as shown in the second example).
If you need to move the fret according with a rythmic position inside the bar (in the example, the third beat of the measure) the second example is better, because the fret is aligned with the third beat itself.
harmonies = \chordmode { a8:13 % THE FOLLOWING IS THE COMMAND TO MOVE THE CHORD NAME \once \override ChordNames.ChordName.extra-offset = #'(10 . 0) b8:13 s2. % THIS LINE IS THE SECOND METHOD s4 s4 b4:13 } \score { << \new ChordNames \harmonies \new Staff {a8^\markup { \fret-diagram "6-x;5-0;4-2;3-0;2-0;1-2;" } % THE FOLLOWING IS THE COMMAND TO MOVE THE FRET DIAGRAM \once \override TextScript.extra-offset = #'(10 . 0) b4.~^\markup { \fret-diagram "6-x;5-2;4-4;3-2;2-2;1-4;" } b4. a8\break % HERE IS THE SECOND METHOD << { a8 b4.~ b4. a8} { s4 s4 s4^\markup { \fret-diagram "6-x;5-2;4-4;3-2;2-2;1-4;" } } >> } >> }
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Modello per combo jazz
Ecco un modello piuttosto complesso, per un gruppo jazz. Si noti che tutti
gli strumenti sono in \key c \major
. Si tratta della tonalità
reale; sarà trasposta automaticamente includendo la
musica all’interno di una sezione \transpose
.
\header { title = "Song" subtitle = "(tune)" composer = "Me" meter = "moderato" piece = "Swing" tagline = \markup { \column { "LilyPond example file by Amelie Zapf," "Berlin 07/07/2003" } } } % To make the example display in the documentation \paper { paper-width = 130 } %#(set-global-staff-size 16) \include "english.ly" %%%%%%%%%%%% Some macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% sl = { \override NoteHead.style = #'slash \hide Stem } nsl = { \revert NoteHead.style \undo \hide Stem } crOn = \override NoteHead.style = #'cross crOff = \revert NoteHead.style %% insert chord name style stuff here. jazzChords = { } %%%%%%%%%%%% Keys'n'thangs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% global = { \time 4/4 } Key = { \key c \major } % ############ Horns ############ % ------ Trumpet ------ trpt = \transpose c d \relative c'' { \Key c1 | c | c | } trpHarmony = \transpose c' d { \jazzChords } trumpet = { \global \clef treble << \trpt >> } % ------ Alto Saxophone ------ alto = \transpose c a \relative c' { \Key c1 | c | c | } altoHarmony = \transpose c' a { \jazzChords } altoSax = { \global \clef treble << \alto >> } % ------ Baritone Saxophone ------ bari = \transpose c a' \relative c { \Key c1 c1 \sl d4^"Solo" d d d \nsl } bariHarmony = \transpose c' a \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 s d2:maj e:m7 } bariSax = { \global \clef treble << \bari >> } % ------ Trombone ------ tbone = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } tboneHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords } trombone = { \global \clef bass << \tbone >> } % ############ Rhythm Section ############# % ------ Guitar ------ gtr = \relative c'' { \Key c1 \sl b4 b b b \nsl c1 } gtrHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 c2:min7+ d2:maj9 } guitar = { \global \clef treble << \gtr >> } %% ------ Piano ------ rhUpper = \relative c'' { \voiceOne \Key c1 | c | c } rhLower = \relative c' { \voiceTwo \Key e1 | e | e } lhUpper = \relative c' { \voiceOne \Key g1 | g | g } lhLower = \relative c { \voiceTwo \Key c1 | c | c } PianoRH = { \clef treble \global << \new Voice = "one" \rhUpper \new Voice = "two" \rhLower >> } PianoLH = { \clef bass \global << \new Voice = "one" \lhUpper \new Voice = "two" \lhLower >> } piano = { << \new Staff = "upper" \PianoRH \new Staff = "lower" \PianoLH >> } % ------ Bass Guitar ------ Bass = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } bass = { \global \clef bass << \Bass >> } % ------ Drums ------ up = \drummode { \voiceOne hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> } down = \drummode { \voiceTwo bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s } drumContents = { \global << \new DrumVoice \up \new DrumVoice \down >> } %%%%%%%%% It All Goes Together Here %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \score { << \new StaffGroup = "horns" << \new Staff = "trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \trumpet \new Staff = "altosax" \with { instrumentName = "Alto Sax" } \altoSax \new ChordNames = "barichords" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \bariHarmony \new Staff = "barisax" \with { instrumentName = "Bari Sax" } \bariSax \new Staff = "trombone" \with { instrumentName = "Trombone" } \trombone >> \new StaffGroup = "rhythm" << \new ChordNames = "chords" \gtrHarmony \new Staff = "guitar" \with { instrumentName = "Guitar" } \guitar \new PianoStaff = "piano" \with { instrumentName = "Piano" midiInstrument = "acoustic grand" } \piano \new Staff = "bass" \with { instrumentName = "Bass" } \bass \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "Drums" } \drumContents >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } \context { \Score \override BarNumber.padding = #3 \override RehearsalMark.padding = #2 skipBars = ##t } } \midi { } }
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Laissez vibrer ties
Laissez vibrer ties have a fixed size. Their formatting can be tuned
using 'tie-configuration
.
\relative c' { <c e g>4\laissezVibrer r <c f g>\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4.\laissezVibrer r8 <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r \override LaissezVibrerTieColumn.tie-configuration = #`((-7 . ,DOWN) (-5 . ,DOWN) (-3 . ,UP) (-1 . ,UP)) <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r }
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Let TabStaff print the topmost string at bottom
In tablatures usually the first string is printed topmost. If you want
to have it at the bottom change the
stringOneTopmost
-context-property. For a context-wide setting
this could be done in layout
as well.
%\layout { % \context { % \Score % stringOneTopmost = ##f % } % \context { % \TabStaff % tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format % } %} m = { \cadenzaOn e, b, e gis! b e' \bar "||" } << \new Staff { \clef "G_8" <>_"default" \m <>_"italian (historic)"\m } \new TabStaff { \m \set Score.stringOneTopmost = ##f \set TabStaff.tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format \m } >>
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Letter tablature formatting
Tablature can be formatted using letters instead of numbers.
music = \relative c { c4 d e f g4 a b c d4 e f g } << \new Staff { \clef "G_8" \music } \new TabStaff \with { tablatureFormat = #fret-letter-tablature-format } { \music } >>
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Armonici su corde a vuoto in intavolatura
Questo frammento mostra come scrivere armonici su corde a vuoto.
openStringHarmonics = { \textSpannerDown \override TextSpanner.staff-padding = #3 \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.3 \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #1 %first harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "1st harm. " \harmonicByFret #12 e,2\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/2 e,\6\stopTextSpan %second harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "2nd harm. " \harmonicByFret #7 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/3 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #19 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #2/3 e,\6\stopTextSpan %\harmonicByFret #19 < e,\6 a,\5 d\4 > %\harmonicByRatio #2/3 < e,\6 a,\5 d\4 > %third harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "3rd harm. " \harmonicByFret #5 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/4 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #24 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #3/4 e,\6\stopTextSpan \break %fourth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "4th harm. " \harmonicByFret #4 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/5 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #9 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #2/5 e,\6 \harmonicByFret #16 e,\6 \harmonicByRatio #3/5 e,\6\stopTextSpan %fifth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "5th harm. " \harmonicByFret #3 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/6 e,\6\stopTextSpan \break %sixth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "6th harm. " \harmonicByFret #2.7 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/7 e,\6\stopTextSpan %seventh harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "7th harm. " \harmonicByFret #2.3 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/8 e,\6\stopTextSpan %eighth harmonic \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup\small "8th harm. " \harmonicByFret #2 e,\6\startTextSpan \harmonicByRatio #1/9 e,\6\stopTextSpan } \score { << \new Staff \with { \omit StringNumber } { \new Voice { \clef "treble_8" \openStringHarmonics } } \new TabStaff { \new TabVoice { \openStringHarmonics } } >> }
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Posizionamento delle diteggiature della mano destra
È possibile avere un maggior controllo sul posizionamento delle diteggiature della mano destra impostando una specifica proprietà, come illustrato nell’esempio seguente.
#(define RH rightHandFinger) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up down) <c\RH #1 e\RH #2 g\RH #3 c\RH #4 >4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(up right down) <c\RH #1 e\RH #2 g\RH #3 c\RH #4 >4 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(left) <c\RH #1 e\RH #2 g\RH #3 c\RH #4 >2 \set strokeFingerOrientations = #'(right) c\RH #1 }
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Polifonia in intavolatura
La polifonia in TabStaff
funziona proprio come nel rigo normale.
upper = \relative c' { \time 12/8 \key e \minor \voiceOne r4. r8 e, fis g16 b g e e' b c b a g fis e } lower = \relative c { \key e \minor \voiceTwo r16 e d c b a g4 fis8 e fis g a b c } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "tab with traditional" << \new Staff = "guitar traditional" << \clef "treble_8" \new Voice = "upper" \upper \new Voice = "lower" \lower >> \new TabStaff = "guitar tab" << \new TabVoice = "upper" \upper \new TabVoice = "lower" \lower >> >> >> }
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Slides in tablature
Slides can be typeset in both Staff
and TabStaff
contexts:
slides = { c'8\3(\glissando d'8\3) c'8\3\glissando d'8\3 \hideNotes \grace { g16\glissando } \unHideNotes c'4\3 \afterGrace d'4\3\glissando { \stemDown \hideNotes g16 } \unHideNotes } \score { << \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \slides } \new TabStaff { \slides } >> \layout { \context { \Score \override Glissando.minimum-length = #4 \override Glissando.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \override Glissando.thickness = #2 \omit StringNumber % or: %\override StringNumber.stencil = ##f } } }
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Comportamento di gambi e travature in intavolatura
La direzione dei gambi nell’intavolatura è regolata nello stesso modo della notazione tradizionale. Le travature possono essere rese orizzontali, come illustrato in questo esempio.
\new TabStaff { \relative c { \tabFullNotation g16 b d g b d g b \stemDown \override Beam.concaveness = #10000 g,,16 b d g b d g b } }
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String number extender lines
Make an extender line for string number indications, showing that a series of notes is supposed to be played all on the same string.
stringNumberSpanner = #(define-music-function (StringNumber) (string?) #{ \override TextSpanner.style = #'solid \override TextSpanner.font-size = #-5 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \circle \number $StringNumber } #}) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \stringNumberSpanner "5" \textSpannerDown a8\startTextSpan b c d e f\stopTextSpan \stringNumberSpanner "4" g\startTextSpan a bes4 a g2\stopTextSpan }
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Unfretted strings
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Creating slurs across voices
In some situations, it may be necessary to create slurs between notes
from different voices. The solution is to add invisible notes to one of
the voices, using \hideNotes
.
This example is measure 235 of the Ciaconna from Bach’s 2nd Partita for solo violin, BWV 1004.
\relative c' { << { d16( a') s a s a[ s a] s a[ s a] } \\ { \slurUp bes,16[ s e]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes f[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes fis]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes g[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes gis]( \hideNotes a) } >> }
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Dotted harmonics
Artificial harmonics using \harmonic
do not show dots. To
override this behavior, set the context property harmonicDots
.
\relative c''' { \time 3/4 \key f \major \set harmonicDots = ##t <bes f'\harmonic>2. ~ <bes f'\harmonic>4. <a e'\harmonic>8( <gis dis'\harmonic> <g d'\harmonic>) <fis cis'\harmonic>2. <bes f'\harmonic>2. }
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Snap-pizzicato or Bartok pizzicato
A snap-pizzicato (also known as “Bartok pizzicato”) is a “strong pizzicato where the string is plucked vertically by snapping and rebounds off the fingerboard of the instrument” (Wikipedia). It is denoted by a circle with a vertical line going from the center upwards outside the circle.
\relative c' { c4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato }
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Modello per quartetto d’archi (semplice)
Questo modello presenta un semplice quartetto d’archi. Impiega anche una
sezione \global
per definire il tempo e l’armatura di chiave.
global= { \time 4/4 \key c \major } violinOne = \new Voice \relative c'' { c2 d e1 \bar "|." } violinTwo = \new Voice \relative c'' { g2 f e1 \bar "|." } viola = \new Voice \relative c' { \clef alto e2 d c1 \bar "|." } cello = \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass c2 b a1 \bar "|." } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 1" } << \global \violinOne >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 2" } << \global \violinTwo >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } << \global \viola >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } << \global \cello >> >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per quartetto d’archi con parti separate
Il frammento di codice del “Modello per quartetto d’archi” crea un bel
quartetto, ma cosa fare se si ha bisogno di creare le singole parti? Questo
nuovo modello mostra come usare la funzionalità \tag
per dividere
facilmente un pezzo in parti staccate.
Occorre dividere questo modello in file separati; i nomi dei file sono
indicati nei commenti all’inizio di ogni file. piece.ly
contiene tutte le definizioni musicali. Gli altri file – score.ly
,
vn1.ly
, vn2.ly
, vla.ly
e vlc.ly
–
creano ciascuna parte.
Non dimenticare di togliere i commenti quando usi i file separati!
%%%%% piece.ly %%%%% (This is the global definitions file) global= { \time 4/4 \key c \major } Violinone = \new Voice { \relative c'' { c2 d e1 \bar "|." } } Violintwo = \new Voice { \relative c'' { g2 f e1 \bar "|." } } Viola = \new Voice { \relative c' { \clef alto e2 d c1 \bar "|." } } Cello = \new Voice { \relative c' { \clef bass c2 b a1 \bar "|." } } music = { << \tag #'score \tag #'vn1 \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 1" } << \global \Violinone >> \tag #'score \tag #'vn2 \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 2" } << \global \Violintwo>> \tag #'score \tag #'vla \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } << \global \Viola>> \tag #'score \tag #'vlc \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } << \global \Cello >> >> } % These are the other files you need to save on your computer % score.ly % (This is the main file) % uncomment the line below when using a separate file %\include "piece.ly" #(set-global-staff-size 14) \score { \new StaffGroup \keepWithTag #'score \music \layout { } \midi { } } %{ Uncomment this block when using separate files % vn1.ly % (This is the Violin 1 part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vn1 \music \layout { } } % vn2.ly % (This is the Violin 2 part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vn2 \music \layout { } } % vla.ly % (This is the Viola part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vla \music \layout { } } % vlc.ly % (This is the Cello part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vlc \music \layout { } } %}
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Winds
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Cambiare la dimensione dei diagrammi per legni
La dimensione e lo spessore dei diagrammi per legni possono essere modificati.
\relative c'' { \textLengthOn c1^\markup \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() c^\markup \override #'(size . 1.5) { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() } c^\markup \override #'(thickness . 0.15) { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() } }
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Simboli di diteggiatura per strumenti aerofoni
Si possono ottenere simboli speciali combinando glifi esistenti; ciò è utile per gli strumenti aerofoni.
centermarkup = { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #CENTER \once \override TextScript.X-offset =#(lambda (g) (+ (ly:self-alignment-interface::centered-on-x-parent g) (ly:self-alignment-interface::x-aligned-on-self g))) } \score { \relative c'{ g\open \once \override TextScript.staff-padding = #-1.0 \centermarkup g^\markup { \combine \musicglyph "scripts.open" \musicglyph "scripts.tenuto" } \centermarkup g^\markup { \combine \musicglyph "scripts.open" \musicglyph "scripts.stopped" } g\stopped } }
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Flute slap notation
It is possible to indicate special articulation techniques such as a
flute “tongue slap” by replacing the note head with the appropriate
glyph. For that we can draw the accent-like note head with
\markup
.
slap = #(define-music-function (music) (ly:music?) #{ \temporary \override NoteHead.stencil = #ly:text-interface::print \temporary \override NoteHead.text = \markup \translate #'(1 . 0) \override #'(thickness . 1.4) \overlay { \draw-line #'(-1.2 . 0.4) \draw-line #'(-1.2 . -0.4) } \temporary \override NoteHead.stem-attachment = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((stem (ly:grob-object grob 'stem)) (dir (ly:grob-property stem 'direction UP)) (is-up (eqv? dir UP))) (cons dir (if is-up 0 -0.8)))) #music \revert NoteHead.stencil \revert NoteHead.text \revert NoteHead.stem-attachment #}) \relative c' { c4 \slap c d r \slap { g4 a } b r }
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Diagrammi grafici e testuali per i legni
In molti casi, le chiavi diverse da quelle della colonna centrale possono essere visualizzate per nome oltre che in forma grafica.
\relative c'' { \textLengthOn c1^\markup \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'((cc . (one three)) (lh . (gis)) (rh . (ees))) c^\markup \override #'(graphical . #f) { \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'((cc . (one three)) (lh . (gis)) (rh . (ees))) } }
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Grafico della diteggiatura per flauto dolce
L’esempio seguente illustra come realizzare grafici delle diteggiature per strumenti aerofoni.
% range chart for paetzold contrabass recorder centermarkup = { \once \override TextScript.self-alignment-X = #CENTER \once \override TextScript.X-offset = #(lambda (g) (+ (ly:self-alignment-interface::centered-on-x-parent g) (ly:self-alignment-interface::x-aligned-on-self g))) } \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \omit Stem \omit Flag \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } { \clef bass \set Score.timing = ##f f,1*1/4 \glissando \clef violin gis'1*1/4 \stemDown a'4^\markup {1)} \centermarkup \once \override TextScript.padding = #2 bes'1*1/4_\markup {\override #'(baseline-skip . 1.7) \column { \fontsize #-5 \slashed-digit #0 \finger 1 \finger 2 \finger 3 \finger 4 \finger 5 \finger 6 \finger 7} } b'1*1/4 c''4^\markup {1)} \centermarkup \once \override TextScript.padding = #2 cis''1*1/4 deh''1*1/4 \centermarkup \once \override TextScript.padding = #2 \once \override Staff.HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP e''1*1/4_\markup {\override #'(baseline-skip . 1.7) \column { \fontsize #-5 \slashed-digit #0 \finger 1 \finger 2 \finger 4 \finger 5} }\startGroup f''1*1/4^\markup {2)}\stopGroup } }
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Elenco delle chiavi dei diagrammi per legni
Il seguente frammento produce un elenco di tutte le possibili chiavi e delle
loro impostazioni per i diagrammi per legni, come sono definite in
scm/define-woodwind-diagrams.scm
. L’elenco sarà visualizzato
nel file di log, ma non nello spartito. Se si desidera che l’output appaia
nella console, omettere dai comandi (current-error-port)
.
#(print-keys-verbose 'piccolo (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'flute (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'flute-b-extension (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'tin-whistle (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'oboe (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'clarinet (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'bass-clarinet (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'low-bass-clarinet (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'soprano-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'alto-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'tenor-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'baritone-saxophone (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'bassoon (current-error-port)) #(print-keys-verbose 'contrabassoon (current-error-port)) \score {c''1}
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Elenco dei diagrammi per i legni
L’esempio seguente mostra tutti i diagrammi per i legni attualmente definiti in LilyPond.
\layout { indent = 0 } \relative c' { \textLengthOn c1^ \markup { \center-column { 'tin-whistle " " \woodwind-diagram #'tin-whistle #'() } } c1^ \markup { \center-column { 'piccolo " " \woodwind-diagram #'piccolo #'() } } c1^ \markup { \center-column { 'flute " " \woodwind-diagram #'flute #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'oboe " " \woodwind-diagram #'oboe #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'clarinet " " \woodwind-diagram #'clarinet #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'bass-clarinet " " \woodwind-diagram #'bass-clarinet #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'saxophone " " \woodwind-diagram #'saxophone #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'bassoon " " \woodwind-diagram #'bassoon #'() } } c1^\markup { \center-column { 'contrabassoon " " \woodwind-diagram #'contrabassoon #'() } } }
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Ancient notation
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Adding a figured bass above or below the notes
When writing a figured bass, you can place the figures above or below
the bass notes, by defining the
BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction
property (exclusively
in a Staff
context). Choices are #UP
(or #1
),
#CENTER
(or #0
) and #DOWN
(or #-1
).
This property can be changed as many times as you wish. Use
\once \override
if you don’t want the override to apply to the
whole score.
bass = { \clef bass g4 b, c d e d8 c d2 } continuo = \figuremode { <_>4 <6>4 <5/>4 \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #UP %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentUp < _+ >4 <6> \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #DOWN %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown <4>4. <4>8 <_+>4 } \score { << \new Staff = bassStaff \bass \context Staff = bassStaff \continuo >> }
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Ancient fonts
Shown here are many of the symbols that are included in LilyPond’s ancient notation.
upperStaff = \new VaticanaStaff = "upperStaff" << \context VaticanaVoice << \transpose c c { \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.punctum \key es \major \clef "vaticana-fa2" c1 des e f ges \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.inclinatum a! b ces' \bar "|" \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.quilisma b! des'! ges! fes! \breathe \clef "vaticana-fa1" \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.plica es d \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.reverse.plica c d \bar "|" \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.punctum.cavum es f \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.lpes g as \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.upes bes as \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.vupes g f \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.linea.punctum \once \override Staff.BarLine.bar-extent = #'(-1 . 1) \bar "|" es d \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.epiphonus c d \override NoteHead.style = #'vaticana.cephalicus es f \set Staff.alterationGlyphs = #alteration-medicaea-glyph-name-alist \override Staff.Custos.style = #'medicaea \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.punctum \clef "medicaea-fa2" ces des \bar "|" e! f! ges \clef "medicaea-do2" \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.inclinatum a! b! ces' \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.virga b! a! \bar "|" ges fes \clef "medicaea-fa1" \override NoteHead.style = #'medicaea.rvirga e des ces \set Staff.alterationGlyphs = #alteration-hufnagel-glyph-name-alist \override Staff.Custos.style = #'hufnagel \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.punctum \clef "hufnagel-fa2" ces des es \bar "|" fes ges \clef "hufnagel-do2" \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.lpes as! bes! ces' \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.virga bes! as! \bar "|" ges! fes! \clef "hufnagel-do-fa" \override NoteHead.style = #'hufnagel.punctum es! des ces des! es! fes! \bar "||" s32*1 } >> >> lowerStaff = \new MensuralStaff = "lowerStaff" << \context MensuralVoice << \transpose c c { \key a \major cis'1 d'\breve gis'\breve e'\breve \[ e'\longa fis'\longa \] \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "neomensural-c2" cis1 \bar "|" \[ g\breve dis''\longa \] b\breve \[ a\longa d\longa \] \clef "petrucci-c2" fis1 ces1 \clef "petrucci-c2" r\longa \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "mensural-c2" r\breve \bar "|" r2 \clef "mensural-g" r4 r8 r16 r16 \override NoteHead.style = #'mensural \override Rest.style = #'mensural \clef "petrucci-f" c8 b, c16 b, c32 b, c64 b, c64 b, d8 e d16 e d32 e d64 e d64 e r\longa \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "petrucci-f" r\breve \bar "|" r\breve \clef "mensural-f" r2 r4 r8 r16 r16 \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "mensural-f" e\breve f g a1 \clef "mensural-g" \[ bes'!\longa a'!\longa c''!\longa \] e'1 d' c' d' \bar "|" \bar "|" bes'!\longa fis'!1 as'!1 ges'!\longa % lig \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "mensural-g" e'2 d' c' \bar "|" \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "petrucci-g" c'2 d' e' f' \clef "petrucci-g" g' as'! bes'! cis''! bes'! as'! gis'! fis'! \set Staff.forceClef = ##t \clef "mensural-g" es'! des'! cis'!1 \bar "||" } >> >> \paper { line-thickness = #(/ staff-space 5.0) } \score { << \upperStaff \lowerStaff >> \layout { indent = 0.0 \context { \Score timing = ##f } \context { \MensuralVoice \override NoteHead.style = #'neomensural \override Rest.style = #'neomensural \override Flag.style = #'mensural \override Stem.thickness = #1.0 } \context { \MensuralStaff \revert BarLine.transparent alterationGlyphs = #alteration-mensural-glyph-name-alist clefGlyph = #"clefs.petrucci.c2" } \context { \VaticanaStaff \revert BarLine.transparent \override StaffSymbol.thickness = #2.0 alterationGlyphs = #alteration-vaticana-glyph-name-alist \override Custos.neutral-position = #4 } } }
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Modello per notazione antica – trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana
Questo esempio mostra come realizzare una trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana. La musica gregoriana non presenta la suddivisione in misure né gambi; impiega soltanto le teste della minima e della semiminima, e dei segni appositi che indicano pause di diversa lunghezza.
\include "gregorian.ly" chant = \relative c' { \set Score.timing = ##f f4 a2 \divisioMinima g4 b a2 f2 \divisioMaior g4( f) f( g) a2 \finalis } verba = \lyricmode { Lo -- rem ip -- sum do -- lor sit a -- met } \score { \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff << \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "melody" \chant \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" \lyricsto melody \verba >> }
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Ancient time signatures
Time signatures may also be engraved in an old style.
{ \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'neomensural s1 }
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Notazione per canti e salmi
Questa forma di notazione è utilizzata per i salmi, dove i versi non sono sempre della stessa lunghezza.
stemOff = \hide Staff.Stem stemOn = \undo \stemOff \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \key g \minor \cadenzaOn \stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4 \stemOn a'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4 \stemOn f'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe } \stemOn g'2 \fine } }
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Custodes
Custodes may be engraved in various styles.
\layout { ragged-right = ##t } \new Staff \with { \consists "Custos_engraver" } \relative c' { \override Staff.Custos.neutral-position = #4 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'hufnagel c1^"hufnagel" \break <d a' f'>1 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'medicaea c1^"medicaea" \break <d a' f'>1 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'vaticana c1^"vaticana" \break <d a' f'>1 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'mensural c1^"mensural" \break <d a' f'>1 }
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Incipit
Quando si trascrive musica mensurale, un incipit all’inizio del brano è utile per indicare il tempo e l’armatura di chiave originali. I musicisti oggi sono abituati alle stanghette, ma queste non erano note all’epoca della musica mensurale. Come compromesso, spesso le stanghette vengono poste tra i righi, uno stile di formattazione chiamato mensurstriche.
%% With 2.23. this throws: %% programming error: Loose column does not have right side to attach to. %% Likely "Hidden BarLine during note yields programming error" %% https://gitlab.com/lilypond/lilypond/-/issues/4084 %% --Harm %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % A short excerpt from the Jubilate Deo by Orlande de Lassus %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% global = { \set Score.skipBars = ##t \key g \major \time 4/4 % the actual music \skip 1*8 % let finis bar go through all staves \override Staff.BarLine.transparent = ##f % finis bar \bar "|." } discantusIncipit = { \clef "neomensural-c1" \key f \major \time 2/2 c''1. } discantusNotes = { \transpose c' c'' { \clef "treble" d'2. d'4 | b e' d'2 | c'4 e'4.( d'8 c' b | a4) b a2 | b4.( c'8 d'4) c'4 | \once \hide NoteHead c'1 | b\breve | } } discantusLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi -- la -- te De -- o, om -- nis ter -- ra, __ om- "..." -us. } altusIncipit = { \clef "neomensural-c3" \key f \major \time 2/2 r1 f'1. } altusNotes = { \transpose c' c'' { \clef "treble" r2 g2. e4 fis g | a2 g4 e | fis g4.( fis16 e fis4) | g1 | \once \hide NoteHead g1 | g\breve | } } altusLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi -- la -- te De -- o, om -- nis ter -- ra, "..." -us. } tenorIncipit = { \clef "neomensural-c4" \key f \major \time 2/2 r\longa r\breve r1 c'1. } tenorNotes = { \transpose c' c' { \clef "treble_8" R1 | R1 | R1 | % two measures r2 d'2. d'4 b e' | \once \hide NoteHead e'1 | d'\breve | } } tenorLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi -- la -- te "..." -us. } bassusIncipit = { \clef "mensural-f" \key f \major \time 2/2 r\maxima f1. } bassusNotes = { \transpose c' c' { \clef "bass" R1 | R1 | R1 | R1 | g2. e4 | \once \hide NoteHead e1 | g\breve | } } bassusLyrics = \lyricmode { Ju -- bi- "..." -us. } \score { << \new StaffGroup = choirStaff << \new Voice = "discantusNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Discantus" \incipit \discantusIncipit \global \discantusNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto discantusNotes { \discantusLyrics } \new Voice = "altusNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Altus" \global \incipit \altusIncipit \altusNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto altusNotes { \altusLyrics } \new Voice = "tenorNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Tenor" \global \incipit \tenorIncipit \tenorNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto tenorNotes { \tenorLyrics } \new Voice = "bassusNotes" << \set Staff.instrumentName = "Bassus" \global \incipit \bassusIncipit \bassusNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto bassusNotes { \bassusLyrics } >> >> \layout { \context { \Score %% no bar lines in staves or lyrics \hide BarLine } %% the next two instructions keep the lyrics between the bar lines \context { \Lyrics \consists "Bar_engraver" \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" } \context { \Voice %% no slurs \hide Slur %% Comment in the below "\remove" command to allow line %% breaking also at those bar lines where a note overlaps %% into the next measure. The command is commented out in this %% short example score, but especially for large scores, you %% will typically yield better line breaking and thus improve %% overall spacing if you comment in the following command. %%\remove "Forbid_line_break_engraver" } indent = 6\cm incipit-width = 4\cm } }
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Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
La formattazione mensurale, in cui le stanghette non appaiono sui righi ma
nello spazio tra i righi, si può ottenere usando StaffGroup
al posto
di ChoirStaff
. La stanghetta sui righi viene nascosta con
\hide
.
\layout { \context { \Staff measureBarType = "-span|" } } music = \fixed c'' { c1 d2 \section e2 f1 \fine } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \music \new Staff \music >>
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Stili di pausa
Esistono vari stili di pausa.
\new Staff \relative c { \omit Score.TimeSignature \cadenzaOn \override Staff.Rest.style = #'mensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { mensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'neomensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { neomensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'classical r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { classical } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'z r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { z-style } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'default r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { default } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 }
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Usare le etichette per produrre musica mensurale e moderna dallo stesso sorgente
Usando le etichette (tag), è possibile usare la stessa musica per produrre sia
la musica mensurale che quella moderna. In questo frammento, viene introdotta
la funzione menrest
, che permette alle pause mensurali di essere
posizionate precisamente sul rigo come nell’originale, ma con le pause moderne
nella posizione standard. Le etichette vengono usate per produrre diversi
tipi di stanghetta alla fine della musica, ma possono essere usate anche
quando sono necessarie altre differenze: per esempio se si vogliono usare
“pause d’intero” (R1, R\breve, etc.) nella musica moderna, ma pause
normali (r1, r\breve, etc.) nella versione mensurale. La conversione di
musica mensurale nel suo equivalente moderno viene solitamente chiamata
trascrizione
.
menrest = #(define-music-function (note) (ly:music?) #{ \tag #'mens $(make-music 'RestEvent note) \tag #'mod $(make-music 'RestEvent note 'pitch '()) #}) MenStyle = { \autoBeamOff \override NoteHead.style = #'petrucci \override Score.BarNumber.transparent = ##t \override Stem.neutral-direction = #up } finalis = \section Music = \relative c'' { \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \key f \major \time 4/4 g1 d'2 \menrest bes4 bes2 a2 r4 g4 fis2. \finalis } MenLyr = \lyricmode { So farre, deere life, deare life } ModLyr = \lyricmode { So far, dear life, dear life } \score { \keepWithTag #'mens { << \new MensuralStaff { \new MensuralVoice = Cantus \clef "mensural-c1" \MenStyle \Music } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Cantus \MenLyr >> } } \score { \keepWithTag #'mod { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff { \new Voice = Sop \with { \remove "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Completion_heads_engraver" \remove "Rest_engraver" \consists "Completion_rest_engraver" } { \shiftDurations #1 #0 { \autoBeamOff \Music } } } \new Lyrics \lyricsto Sop \ModLyr >> } }
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Vertical line as a baroque articulation mark
This short vertical line placed above the note is commonly used in baroque music. Its meaning can vary, but generally indicates notes that should be played with more “weight”. The following example demonstrates how to achieve such a notation.
upline = \tweak stencil #(lambda (grob) (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup \draw-line #'(0 . 1) #})) \stopped \relative c' { a'4^\upline a( c d')_\upline }
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World music
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Improvvisazione araba
Per improvvisazioni o taqasim a tempo libero, si può omettere l’indicazione
di tempo e usare \cadenzaOn
. Può essere necessaria la modifica
dello stile delle alterazioni, perché l’assenza delle stanghette farà
sì che l’alterazione sia contrassegnata una volta sola. Ecco un esempio
di quello che potrebbe essere l’inizio di un’improvvisazione hijaz:
\include "arabic.ly" \relative sol' { \key re \kurd \accidentalStyle forget \cadenzaOn sol4 sol sol sol fad mib sol1 fad8 mib re4. r8 mib1 fad sol }
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Esempio di makam
Makam è un tipo di melodia proveniente dalla Turchia che usa alterazioni microtonali di 1/9. Consultare il file di inizializzazione ‘ly/makam.ly’ per vedere come sono definiti i nomi delle altezze e le alterazioni.
% Initialize makam settings \include "makam.ly" \relative c' { \set Staff.keyAlterations = #`((6 . ,(- KOMA)) (3 . ,BAKIYE)) c4 cc db fk gbm4 gfc gfb efk fk4 db cc c }
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Printing text from right to left
It is possible to print text from right to left in a markup object, as demonstrated here.
{ b1^\markup { \line { i n g i r u m i m u s n o c t e } } f'_\markup { \override #'(text-direction . -1) \line { i n g i r u m i m u s n o c t e } } }
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Turkish Makam example
This template uses the start of a well-known Turkish Saz Semai that is familiar in the repertoire in order to illustrate some of the elements of Turkish music notation.
\paper { tagline = ##f } % Initialize makam settings \include "turkish-makam.ly" \header { title = "Hüseyni Saz Semaisi" composer = "Lavtacı Andon" } \relative { \set Staff.extraNatural = ##f \set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f \key a \huseyni \time 10/8 a'4 g'16 [fb] e8. [d16] d [c d e] c [d c8] bfc | a16 [bfc a8] bfc c16 [d c8] d16 [e d8] e4 fb8 | d4 a'8 a16 [g fb e] fb8 [g] a8. [b16] a16 [g] | g4 g16 [fb] fb8. [e16] e [g fb e] e4 r8 | }
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Contexts and engravers
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Adding a figured bass above or below the notes
When writing a figured bass, you can place the figures above or below
the bass notes, by defining the
BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction
property (exclusively
in a Staff
context). Choices are #UP
(or #1
),
#CENTER
(or #0
) and #DOWN
(or #-1
).
This property can be changed as many times as you wish. Use
\once \override
if you don’t want the override to apply to the
whole score.
bass = { \clef bass g4 b, c d e d8 c d2 } continuo = \figuremode { <_>4 <6>4 <5/>4 \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #UP %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentUp < _+ >4 <6> \set Staff.useBassFigureExtenders = ##t \override Staff.BassFigureAlignmentPositioning.direction = #DOWN %\bassFigureStaffAlignmentDown <4>4. <4>8 <_+>4 } \score { << \new Staff = bassStaff \bass \context Staff = bassStaff \continuo >> }
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Adding an extra staff
An extra staff can be added (possibly temporarily) after the start of a piece.
\score { << \new Staff \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c | c } \new StaffGroup \relative c'' { \new Staff { c1 | c << { c1 | d } \new Staff { \once \omit Staff.TimeSignature c1 | b } >> c1 } } >> }
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Adding an extra staff at a line break
When adding a new staff at a line break, some extra space is
unfortunately added at the end of the line before the break (to fit in
a key signature change, which will never be printed anyway). The
workaround is to add a setting of
Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility
as is shown in the example.
\score { \new StaffGroup \relative c'' { \new Staff \key f \major c1 c^"Unwanted extra space" \break << { c1 | c } \new Staff { \key f \major \once \omit Staff.TimeSignature c1 | c } >> c1 | c^"Fixed here" \break << { c1 | c } \new Staff { \once \set Staff.explicitKeySignatureVisibility = #end-of-line-invisible \key f \major \once \omit Staff.TimeSignature c1 | c } >> } }
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Cambiare automaticamente la direzione del gambo della nota centrale in base alla melodia
LilyPond può modificare la direzione del gambo della nota centrale di un
rigo in modo che segua la melodia: occorre aggiungere l’incisore
Melody_engraver
al contesto Voice
.
La proprietà di contesto suspendMelodyDecisions
può essere usata
per disattivare questo comportamento localmente.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 a8 b g f b g | \set suspendMelodyDecisions = ##t a b g f b g | \unset suspendMelodyDecisions c b d c b c | } \layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Melody_engraver" \autoBeamOff } }
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Centered measure numbers
Scores of large ensemble works often have bar numbers placed beneath
the system, centered horizontally on the measure’s extent. This
snippet shows how the Measure_counter_engraver
may be used to
simulate this notational practice. Here, the engraver has been added
to a Dynamics
context.
This snippet presents a legacy method: starting from LilyPond 2.23.3,
\set Score.centerBarNumbers = ##t
is enough.
\layout { \context { \Dynamics \consists #Measure_counter_engraver \override MeasureCounter.direction = #DOWN \override MeasureCounter.font-encoding = #'latin1 \override MeasureCounter.font-shape = #'italic % to control the distance of the Dynamics context from the staff: \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = #2 } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } pattern = \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { \pattern } \new Staff { \pattern } \new Dynamics { \startMeasureCount s1*7 \stopMeasureCount } >>
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Impostare l’output MIDI su un canale per voce
Nella creazione del file di output MIDI, il comportamento predefinito prevede che ogni rigo sia assegnato a un canale MIDI, con tutte le voci del rigo amalgamate in un canale. Ciò diminuisce il rischio di esaurire i canali MIDI disponibili, dato che ce ne sono solo 16 per traccia.
Tuttavia, spostando Staff_performer
nel contesto Voice
, ogni
voce in un rigo può avere il proprio canale MIDI, come è illustrato
nell’esempio seguente: sebbene le voci siano sullo stesso rigo, vengono
creati due canali MIDI, ciascuno con un diverso strumento MIDI
(midiInstrument
).
\score { \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c''' { \set midiInstrument = #"flute" \voiceOne \key g \major \time 2/2 r2 g-"Flute" ~ g fis ~ fis4 g8 fis e2 ~ e4 d8 cis d2 } \new Voice \relative c'' { \set midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \voiceTwo b1-"Clarinet" a2. b8 a g2. fis8 e fis2 r } >> \layout { } \midi { \context { \Staff \remove "Staff_performer" } \context { \Voice \consists "Staff_performer" } \tempo 2 = 72 } }
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Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using \scaleDurations
The measureLength
property, together with
measurePosition
, determines when a bar line is needed. However,
when using \scaleDurations
, the scaling of durations makes it
difficult to change time signatures. In this case,
measureLength
should be set manually, using the
ly:make-moment
callback. The second argument must be the same
as the second argument of \scaleDurations
.
\layout { \context { \Score \remove "Timing_translator" } \context { \Staff \consists "Timing_translator" } } << \new Staff { \scaleDurations 8/5 { \time 6/8 \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 6/5) b8 b b b b b \time 2/4 \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 4/5) b4 b } } \new Staff { \clef bass \time 2/4 c2 d e f } >>
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Notazione per canti e salmi
Questa forma di notazione è utilizzata per i salmi, dove i versi non sono sempre della stessa lunghezza.
stemOff = \hide Staff.Stem stemOn = \undo \stemOff \score { \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \key g \minor \cadenzaOn \stemOff a'\breve bes'4 g'4 \stemOn a'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve g'4 a'4 \stemOn f'2 \section \stemOff a'\breve^\markup { \italic flexe } \stemOn g'2 \fine } }
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Creating blank staves
To create blank staves, generate empty measures then remove the
Bar_number_engraver
from the Score
context, and the
Time_signature_engraver
, Clef_engraver
and
Bar_engraver
from the Staff
context.
#(set-global-staff-size 20) \score { { \repeat unfold 12 { s1 \break } } \layout { indent = 0\in \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } } % uncomment these lines for "letter" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "letter") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 7.5\in left-margin = 0.5\in bottom-margin = 0.25\in top-margin = 0.25\in } %} % uncomment these lines for "A4" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "a4") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 180 left-margin = 15 bottom-margin = 10 top-margin = 10 } %}
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Creating custom key signatures
LilyPond supports custom key signatures. In this example, print for D minor with an extended range of printed flats.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #8 \override KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) \override KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) % presumably sharps are also printed in both octaves \override KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override KeyCancellation.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override Clef.stencil = # (lambda (grob)(grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\combine \musicglyph "clefs.C" \translate #'(-3 . -2) \musicglyph "clefs.F" #})) clefPosition = #3 middleCPosition = #3 middleCClefPosition = #3 } { \key d\minor f bes, f bes, }
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Cross staff stems
This snippet shows the use of the Span_stem_engraver
and
\crossStaff
to connect stems across staves automatically.
The stem length need not be specified, as the variable distance between noteheads and staves is calculated automatically.
\layout { \context { \PianoStaff \consists "Span_stem_engraver" } } { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { <b d'>4 r d'16\> e'8. g8 r\! e'8 f' g'4 e'2 } \new Staff { \clef bass \voiceOne \autoBeamOff \crossStaff { <e g>4 e, g16 a8. c8} d \autoBeamOn g8 f g4 c2 } >> }
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Defining an engraver in Scheme: ambitus engraver
This example demonstrates how the ambitus engraver may be defined on
the user side, with a Scheme engraver. This is basically a rewrite in
Scheme of the code from lily/ambitus-engraver.cc
.
#(use-modules (oop goops)) %%% %%% Grob utilities %%% %%% These are literal rewrites of some C++ methods used by the ambitus engraver. #(define (ly:separation-item::add-conditional-item grob grob-item) "Add @var{grob-item} to the array of conditional elements of @var{grob}. Rewrite of @code{Separation_item::add_conditional_item} from @file{lily/separation-item.cc}." (ly:pointer-group-interface::add-grob grob 'conditional-elements grob-item)) #(define (ly:accidental-placement::accidental-pitch accidental-grob) "Get the pitch from the grob cause of @var{accidental-grob}. Rewrite of @code{accidental_pitch} from @file{lily/accidental-placement.cc}." (ly:event-property (ly:grob-property (ly:grob-parent accidental-grob Y) 'cause) 'pitch)) #(define (ly:accidental-placement::add-accidental grob accidental-grob) "Add @var{accidental-grob}, an @code{Accidental} grob, to the list of the accidental grobs of @var{grob}, an @code{AccidentalPlacement} grob. Rewrite of @code{Accidental_placement::add_accidental} from @file{lily/accidental-placement.cc}." (let ((pitch (ly:accidental-placement::accidental-pitch accidental-grob))) (set! (ly:grob-parent accidental-grob X) grob) (let* ((accidentals (ly:grob-object grob 'accidental-grobs)) (handle (assq (ly:pitch-notename pitch) accidentals)) (entry (if handle (cdr handle) '()))) (set! (ly:grob-object grob 'accidental-grobs) (assq-set! accidentals (ly:pitch-notename pitch) (cons accidental-grob entry)))))) %%% %%% Ambitus data structure %%% %%% The <ambitus> class holds the various grobs that are created %%% to print an ambitus: %%% - ambitus-group: the grob that groups all the components of an ambitus %%% (Ambitus grob); %%% - ambitus-line: the vertical line between the upper and lower ambitus %%% notes (AmbitusLine grob); %%% - ambitus-up-note and ambitus-down-note: the note head and accidental %%% for the lower and upper note of the ambitus (see <ambitus-note> class %%% below). %%% The other slots define the key and clef context of the engraver: %%% - start-c0: position of middle c at the beginning of the piece. It %%% is used to place the ambitus notes according to their pitch; %%% - start-key-sig: the key signature at the beginning of the piece. It %%% is used to determine if accidentals shall be printed next to ambitus %%% notes. #(define-class <ambitus> () (ambitus-group #:accessor ambitus-group) (ambitus-line #:accessor ambitus-line) (ambitus-up-note #:getter ambitus-up-note #:init-form (make <ambitus-note>)) (ambitus-down-note #:getter ambitus-down-note #:init-form (make <ambitus-note>)) (start-c0 #:accessor ambitus-start-c0 #:init-value #f) (start-key-sig #:accessor ambitus-start-key-sig #:init-value '())) %%% Accessor for the lower and upper note data of an ambitus #(define-method (ambitus-note (ambitus <ambitus>) direction) "If @var{direction} is @code{UP}, then return the upper ambitus note of @var{ambitus}, otherwise return the lower ambitus note." (if (= direction UP) (ambitus-up-note ambitus) (ambitus-down-note ambitus))) %%% The <ambitus-note> class holds the grobs that are specific to ambitus %%% (lower and upper) notes: %%% - head: an AmbitusNoteHead grob; %%% - accidental: an AmbitusAccidental grob, to be possibly printed next %%% to the ambitus note head. %%% Moreover: %%% - pitch is the absolute pitch of the note %%% - cause is the note event that causes this ambitus note, i.e. the lower %%% or upper note of the considered music sequence. #(define-class <ambitus-note> () (head #:accessor ambitus-note-head #:init-value #f) (accidental #:accessor ambitus-note-accidental #:init-value #f) (cause #:accessor ambitus-note-cause #:init-value #f) (pitch #:accessor ambitus-note-pitch #:init-value #f)) %%% %%% Ambitus engraving logics %%% %%% Rewrite of the code from @file{lily/ambitus-engraver.cc}. #(define (make-ambitus translator) "Build an ambitus object: initialize all the grobs and their relations. The Ambitus grob contain all other grobs: Ambitus |- AmbitusLine |- AmbitusNoteHead for upper note |- AmbitusAccidental for upper note |- AmbitusNoteHead for lower note |- AmbitusAccidental for lower note The parent of an accidental is the corresponding note head, and the accidental is set as the 'accidental-grob of the note head so that is printed by the function that prints notes." ;; make the ambitus object (let ((ambitus (make <ambitus>))) ;; build the Ambitus grob, which will contain all other grobs (set! (ambitus-group ambitus) (ly:engraver-make-grob translator 'Ambitus '())) ;; build the AmbitusLine grob (line between lower and upper note) (set! (ambitus-line ambitus) (ly:engraver-make-grob translator 'AmbitusLine '())) ;; build the upper and lower AmbitusNoteHead and AmbitusAccidental (for-each (lambda (direction) (let ((head (ly:engraver-make-grob translator 'AmbitusNoteHead '())) (accidental (ly:engraver-make-grob translator 'AmbitusAccidental '())) (group (ambitus-group ambitus))) ;; The parent of the AmbitusAccidental grob is the ;; AmbitusNoteHead grob (set! (ly:grob-parent accidental Y) head) ;; The AmbitusAccidental grob is set as the accidental-grob ;; object of the AmbitusNoteHead. This is later used by the ;; function that prints notes. (set! (ly:grob-object head 'accidental-grob) accidental) ;; both the note head and the accidental grobs are added ;; to the main ambitus grob. (ly:axis-group-interface::add-element group head) (ly:axis-group-interface::add-element group accidental) ;; the note head and the accidental grobs are added to the ;; ambitus object (set! (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) head) (set! (ambitus-note-accidental (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) accidental))) (list DOWN UP)) ;; The parent of the ambitus line is the lower ambitus note head (set! (ly:grob-parent (ambitus-line ambitus) X) (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus DOWN))) ;; the ambitus line is added to the ambitus main grob (ly:axis-group-interface::add-element (ambitus-group ambitus) (ambitus-line ambitus)) ambitus)) #(define-method (initialize-ambitus-state (ambitus <ambitus>) translator) "Initialize the state of @var{ambitus}, by getting the starting position of middle C and key signature from @var{translator}'s context." (if (not (ambitus-start-c0 ambitus)) (begin (set! (ambitus-start-c0 ambitus) (ly:context-property (ly:translator-context translator) 'middleCPosition 0)) (set! (ambitus-start-key-sig ambitus) (ly:context-property (ly:translator-context translator) 'keyAlterations))))) #(define-method (update-ambitus-notes (ambitus <ambitus>) note-grob) "Update the upper and lower ambitus pithes of @var{ambitus}, using @var{note-grob}." ;; Get the event that caused the note-grob creation ;; and check that it is a note-event. (let ((note-event (ly:grob-property note-grob 'cause))) (if (ly:in-event-class? note-event 'note-event) ;; get the pitch from the note event (let ((pitch (ly:event-property note-event 'pitch))) ;; if this pitch is lower than the current ambitus lower ;; note pitch (or it has not been initialized yet), ;; then this pitch is the new ambitus lower pitch, ;; and conversely for upper pitch. (for-each (lambda (direction pitch-compare) (if (or (not (ambitus-note-pitch (ambitus-note ambitus direction))) (pitch-compare pitch (ambitus-note-pitch (ambitus-note ambitus direction)))) (begin (set! (ambitus-note-pitch (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) pitch) (set! (ambitus-note-cause (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) note-event)))) (list DOWN UP) (list ly:pitch<? (lambda (p1 p2) (ly:pitch<? p2 p1)))))))) #(define-method (typeset-ambitus (ambitus <ambitus>) translator) "Typeset the ambitus: - place the lower and upper ambitus notes according to their pitch and the position of the middle C; - typeset or delete the note accidentals, according to the key signature. An accidental, if it is to be printed, is added to an AccidentalPlacement grob (a grob dedicated to the placement of accidentals near a chord); - both note heads are added to the ambitus line grob, so that a line should be printed between them." ;; check if there are lower and upper pitches (if (and (ambitus-note-pitch (ambitus-note ambitus UP)) (ambitus-note-pitch (ambitus-note ambitus DOWN))) ;; make an AccidentalPlacement grob, for placement of note accidentals (let ((accidental-placement (ly:engraver-make-grob translator 'AccidentalPlacement (ambitus-note-accidental (ambitus-note ambitus DOWN))))) ;; For lower and upper ambitus notes: (for-each (lambda (direction) (let ((pitch (ambitus-note-pitch (ambitus-note ambitus direction)))) ;; set the cause and the staff position of the ambitus note ;; according to the associated pitch (set! (ly:grob-property (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) 'cause) (ambitus-note-cause (ambitus-note ambitus direction))) (set! (ly:grob-property (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) 'staff-position) (+ (ambitus-start-c0 ambitus) (ly:pitch-steps pitch))) ;; determine if an accidental shall be printed for this note, ;; according to the key signature (let* ((handle (or (assoc (cons (ly:pitch-octave pitch) (ly:pitch-notename pitch)) (ambitus-start-key-sig ambitus)) (assoc (ly:pitch-notename pitch) (ambitus-start-key-sig ambitus)))) (sig-alter (if handle (cdr handle) 0))) (cond ((= (ly:pitch-alteration pitch) sig-alter) ;; the note alteration is in the key signature ;; => it does not have to be printed (ly:grob-suicide! (ambitus-note-accidental (ambitus-note ambitus direction))) (set! (ly:grob-object (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) 'accidental-grob) '())) (else ;; otherwise, the accidental shall be printed (set! (ly:grob-property (ambitus-note-accidental (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) 'alteration) (ly:pitch-alteration pitch))))) ;; add the AccidentalPlacement grob to the ;; conditional items of the AmbitusNoteHead (ly:separation-item::add-conditional-item (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction)) accidental-placement) ;; add the AmbitusAccidental to the list of the ;; AccidentalPlacement grob accidentals (ly:accidental-placement::add-accidental accidental-placement (ambitus-note-accidental (ambitus-note ambitus direction))) ;; add the AmbitusNoteHead grob to the AmbitusLine grob (ly:pointer-group-interface::add-grob (ambitus-line ambitus) 'note-heads (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction))))) (list DOWN UP)) ;; add the AccidentalPlacement grob to the main Ambitus grob (ly:axis-group-interface::add-element (ambitus-group ambitus) accidental-placement)) ;; no notes ==> suicide the grobs (begin (for-each (lambda (direction) (ly:grob-suicide! (ambitus-note-accidental (ambitus-note ambitus direction))) (ly:grob-suicide! (ambitus-note-head (ambitus-note ambitus direction)))) (list DOWN UP)) (ly:grob-suicide! ambitus-line)))) %%% %%% Ambitus engraver definition %%% #(define ambitus-engraver (lambda (context) (let ((ambitus #f)) ;; when music is processed: make the ambitus object, if not already built (make-engraver ((process-music translator) (if (not ambitus) (set! ambitus (make-ambitus translator)))) ;; set the ambitus clef and key signature state ((stop-translation-timestep translator) (if ambitus (initialize-ambitus-state ambitus translator))) ;; when a note-head grob is built, update the ambitus notes (acknowledgers ((note-head-interface engraver grob source-engraver) (if ambitus (update-ambitus-notes ambitus grob)))) ;; finally, typeset the ambitus according to its upper and lower notes ;; (if any). ((finalize translator) (if ambitus (typeset-ambitus ambitus translator))))))) %%% %%% Example %%% \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { c'4 des' e' fis' gis' } \new Staff { \clef "bass" c4 des ~ des ees b, } >> \layout { \context { \Staff \consists #ambitus-engraver } } }
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Displaying a whole GrandStaff system if only one of its staves is alive
In orchestral scores sometimes single or groups of instruments are
silent for a while and their staves can be removed for that time (with
\removeEmptyStaves
).
When they play again it is often preferred to show the staves of
all instruments of such a group. This can be done adding the
Keep_alive_together_engraver
in the grouper (e.g., a GrandStaff
or a StaffGroup).
In the example the violins are silent in the 2nd system and in the 3rd system. Only the first violin plays the last measure but the staff of the second violin is also displayed.
\score { << \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_woodwinds" << \new Staff = "Staff_flute" \with { instrumentName = "Flute" shortInstrumentName = "Fl" } \relative c' { \repeat unfold 3 { c'4 c c c | c c c c | c c c c | \break } } >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_Strings" << \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_violins" << \new Staff = "StaffViolinI" \with { instrumentName = "Violin I" shortInstrumentName = "Vi I" } \relative c'' { a1 \repeat unfold 7 { s1 } \repeat unfold 12 a16 a4 } \new Staff = "StaffViolinII" \with { instrumentName = "Violin II" shortInstrumentName = "Vi II" } \relative c' { e1 \repeat unfold 8 { s1 } } >> \new Staff = "Staff_cello" \with { instrumentName = "Cello" shortInstrumentName = "Ce" } \relative c { \clef bass \repeat unfold 9 { c1 }} >> >> } \layout { indent = 3.0\cm short-indent = 1.5\cm \context { \GrandStaff \consists Keep_alive_together_engraver } \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } }
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Engravers one-by-one
The notation problem, creating a certain symbol, is handled by plugins. Each plugin is called an Engraver. In this example, engravers are switched on one by one, in the following order:
- note heads,
- staff symbol,
- clef,
- stem,
- beams, slurs, accents,
- accidentals, bar lines, time signature and key signature.
Engravers are grouped. For example, note heads, slurs, beams etc. form
a Voice
context. Engravers for key signature, accidentals, bar
line, etc. form a Staff
context.
%% sample music topVoice = \relative c' { \key d \major es8([ g] a[ fis]) b4 b16[-. b-. b-. cis-.] d4-> } botVoice = \relative c' { \key d \major c8[( f] b[ a)] es4 es16[-. es-. es-. fis-.] b4-> } hoom = \relative c { \key d \major \clef bass g8-. r r4 fis8-. r8 r4 b'4-> } pah = \relative c' { r8 b-. r4 r8 g8-. r16 g-. r8 \clef treble fis'4-> } % % setup for Request->Element conversion. Guru-only % MyStaff = \context { \type "Engraver_group" \name Staff \description "Handles clefs, bar lines, keys, accidentals. It can contain @code{Voice} contexts." \consists "Output_property_engraver" \consists "Font_size_engraver" \consists "Volta_engraver" \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver" \consists "Dot_column_engraver" \consists "Ottava_spanner_engraver" \consists "Rest_collision_engraver" \consists "Piano_pedal_engraver" \consists "Piano_pedal_align_engraver" \consists "Instrument_name_engraver" \consists "Grob_pq_engraver" \consists "Forbid_line_break_engraver" \consists "Axis_group_engraver" \consists "Pitch_squash_engraver" localAlterations = #'() % explicitly set instrumentName, so we don't get % weird effects when doing instrument names for % piano staves instrumentName = #'() shortInstrumentName = #'() \accepts "Voice" \defaultchild "Voice" } MyVoice = \context { \type "Engraver_group" \name Voice \description " Corresponds to a voice on a staff. This context handles the conversion of dynamic signs, stems, beams, super- and subscripts, slurs, ties, and rests. You have to instantiate this explicitly if you want to have multiple voices on the same staff." localAlterations = #'() \consists "Font_size_engraver" % must come before all \consists "Output_property_engraver" \consists "Arpeggio_engraver" \consists "Multi_measure_rest_engraver" \consists "Text_spanner_engraver" \consists "Grob_pq_engraver" \consists "Note_head_line_engraver" \consists "Glissando_engraver" \consists "Ligature_bracket_engraver" \consists "Breathing_sign_engraver" % \consists "Rest_engraver" \consists "Grace_beam_engraver" \consists "New_fingering_engraver" \consists "Chord_tremolo_engraver" \consists "Percent_repeat_engraver" \consists "Slash_repeat_engraver" %{ Must come before text_engraver, but after note_column engraver. %} \consists "Text_engraver" \consists "Dynamic_engraver" \consists "Dynamic_align_engraver" \consists "Fingering_engraver" \consists "Script_column_engraver" \consists "Rhythmic_column_engraver" \consists "Cluster_spanner_engraver" \consists "Tie_engraver" \consists "Tie_engraver" \consists "Tuplet_engraver" \consists "Note_heads_engraver" \consists "Rest_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyStaff = \context { \MyStaff \consists "Staff_symbol_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyStaff = \context { \MyStaff \consists "Clef_engraver" \remove "Pitch_squash_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyVoice = \context { \MyVoice \consists "Stem_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyVoice = \context { \MyVoice \consists "Beam_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyVoice = \context { \MyVoice \consists "Phrasing_slur_engraver" \consists "Slur_engraver" \consists "Script_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyStaff = \context { \MyStaff \consists "Bar_engraver" \consists "Time_signature_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } } MyStaff = \context { \MyStaff \consists "Accidental_engraver" \consists "Key_engraver" } \score { \topVoice \layout { \context { \MyStaff } \context { \MyVoice } } }
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Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
La formattazione mensurale, in cui le stanghette non appaiono sui righi ma
nello spazio tra i righi, si può ottenere usando StaffGroup
al posto
di ChoirStaff
. La stanghetta sui righi viene nascosta con
\hide
.
\layout { \context { \Staff measureBarType = "-span|" } } music = \fixed c'' { c1 d2 \section e2 f1 \fine } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \music \new Staff \music >>
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Annidare i righi
Si può usare la proprietà systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
per creare
gruppi di righi annidati più complessi. Il comando \set
StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
prende come argomento una lista
alfabetica dell’insieme di righi prodotti. Prima di ogni rigo si può
assegnare un delimitatore di inizio del sistema. Deve essere racchiuso
tra parentesi e collega tutti i righi compresi tra le parentesi. Gli
elementi nella lista possono essere omessi, ma la prima parentesi quadra
collega sempre tutti i righi. Le possibilità sono SystemStartBar
,
SystemStartBracket
, SystemStartBrace
e
SystemStartSquare
.
\new StaffGroup \relative c'' << \override StaffGroup.SystemStartSquare.collapse-height = #4 \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy = #'(SystemStartSquare (SystemStartBrace (SystemStartBracket a (SystemStartSquare b) ) c ) d) \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } >>
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Numbering groups of measures
This snippet demonstrates the use of the
Measure_counter_engraver
to number groups of successive
measures. Any stretch of measures may be numbered, whether consisting
of repetitions or not.
The engraver must be added to the appropriate context. Here, a
Staff
context is used; another possibility is a Dynamics
context.
The counter is begun with \startMeasureCount
and ended with
\stopMeasureCount
. Numbering will start by default with
1
, but this behavior may be modified by overriding the
count-from
property.
When a measure extends across a line break, the number will appear twice, the second time in parentheses.
\layout { \context { \Staff \consists #Measure_counter_engraver } } \new Staff { \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 7 { c'4 d' e' f' } \stopMeasureCount \bar "||" g'4 f' e' d' \override Staff.MeasureCounter.count-from = #2 \startMeasureCount \repeat unfold 5 { g'4 f' e' d' } g'4 f' \bar "" \break e'4 d' \repeat unfold 7 { g'4 f' e' d' } \stopMeasureCount }
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Print ChordNames with same root and different bass as slash and bass-note
To print subsequent ChordNames
only differing in its bass note
as slash and bass note use the here defined engraver. The behaviour may
be controlled in detail by the chordChanges
context property.
#(define Bass_changes_equal_root_engraver (lambda (ctx) "For sequential @code{ChordNames} with same root, but different bass, the root markup is dropped: D D/C D/B -> D /C /B The behaviour may be controlled by setting the @code{chordChanges} context-property." (let ((chord-pitches '()) (last-chord-pitches '()) (bass-pitch #f)) (make-engraver ((initialize this-engraver) (let ((chord-note-namer (ly:context-property ctx 'chordNoteNamer))) ;; Set 'chordNoteNamer, respect user setting if already done (ly:context-set-property! ctx 'chordNoteNamer (if (procedure? chord-note-namer) chord-note-namer note-name->markup)))) (listeners ((note-event this-engraver event) (let* ((pitch (ly:event-property event 'pitch)) (pitch-name (ly:pitch-notename pitch)) (pitch-alt (ly:pitch-alteration pitch)) (bass (ly:event-property event 'bass #f)) (inversion (ly:event-property event 'inversion #f))) ;; Collect notes of the chord ;; - to compare inversed chords we need to collect the bass note ;; as usual member of the chord, whereas an added bass must be ;; treated separate from the usual chord-notes ;; - notes are stored as pairs containing their ;; pitch-name (an integer), i.e. disregarding their octave and ;; their alteration (cond (bass (set! bass-pitch pitch)) (inversion (set! bass-pitch pitch) (set! chord-pitches (cons (cons pitch-name pitch-alt) chord-pitches))) (else (set! chord-pitches (cons (cons pitch-name pitch-alt) chord-pitches))))))) (acknowledgers ((chord-name-interface this-engraver grob source-engraver) (let ((chord-changes (ly:context-property ctx 'chordChanges #f))) ;; If subsequent chords are equal apart from their bass, ;; reset the 'text-property. ;; Equality is done by comparing the sorted lists of this chord's ;; elements and the previous chord. Sorting is needed because ;; inverted chords may have a different order of pitches. ;; `chord-changes' needs to be true (if (and bass-pitch chord-changes (equal? (sort chord-pitches car<) (sort last-chord-pitches car<))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'text (make-line-markup (list (ly:context-property ctx 'slashChordSeparator) ((ly:context-property ctx 'chordNoteNamer) bass-pitch (ly:context-property ctx 'chordNameLowercaseMinor)))))) (set! last-chord-pitches chord-pitches) (set! chord-pitches '()) (set! bass-pitch #f)))) ((finalize this-engraver) (set! last-chord-pitches '())))))) myChords = \chordmode { %\germanChords \set chordChanges = ##t d2:m d:m/cis d:m/c \set chordChanges = ##f d:m/b e1:7 \set chordChanges = ##t e \break \once \set chordChanges = ##f e1/f e2/gis e/+gis e e:m/f d:m d:m/cis d:m/c \set chordChanges = ##f d:m/b } << \new ChordNames \with { \consists #Bass_changes_equal_root_engraver } \myChords \new Staff \myChords >>
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Togliere i numeri di battuta da uno spartito
I numeri di battuta possono essere tolti rimuovendo l’incisore
Bar_number_engraver
dal contesto Score
.
\layout { \context { \Score \omit BarNumber % or: %\remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } \relative c'' { c4 c c c \break c4 c c c }
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Usare una parentesi quadra all’inizio di un gruppo di righi
Si può usare il segno SystemStartSquare
(uno dei segni che delimitano
l’inizio del sistema) impostandolo esplicitamente in un contesto
StaffGroup
o ChoirStaff
.
\score { \new StaffGroup { << \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiter = #'SystemStartSquare \new Staff { c'4 d' e' f' } \new Staff { c'4 d' e' f' } >> } }
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Using marklines in a Frenched score
Using MarkLine
contexts (such as in
LSR1010) in a Frenched
score can be problematic if all the staves between two MarkLine
s
are removed in one system. The Keep_alive_together_engraver
can
be used within each StaffGroup
to keep the MarkLine
alive
only as long as the other staves in the group stay alive.
bars = { \tempo "Allegro" 4=120 s1*2 \repeat unfold 5 { \mark \default s1*2 } \bar "||" \tempo "Adagio" 4=40 s1*2 \repeat unfold 8 { \mark \default s1*2 } \bar "|." } winds = \repeat unfold 120 { c''4 } trumpet = { \repeat unfold 8 g'2 R1*16 \repeat unfold 4 g'2 R1*8 } trombone = { \repeat unfold 4 c'1 R1*8 d'1 R1*17 } strings = \repeat unfold 240 { c''8 } #(set-global-staff-size 16) \paper { systems-per-page = 5 ragged-last-bottom = ##f } \layout { indent = 15\mm short-indent = 5\mm \context { \name MarkLine \type Engraver_group \consists Output_property_engraver \consists Axis_group_engraver \consists Mark_engraver \consists Metronome_mark_engraver \consists Staff_collecting_engraver \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-empty = ##t \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-layer = #'any \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing.padding = 1 keepAliveInterfaces = #'() } \context { \Staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-empty = ##t \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-layer = ##f } \context { \StaffGroup \accepts MarkLine \consists Keep_alive_together_engraver } \context { \Score \remove Mark_engraver \remove Metronome_mark_engraver \remove Staff_collecting_engraver } } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "winds" \with { instrumentName = "Winds" shortInstrumentName = "Winds" } << \new MarkLine \bars \new Staff \winds >> \new StaffGroup = "brass" << \new MarkLine \bars \new Staff = "trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" shortInstrumentName = "Tpt" } \trumpet \new Staff = "trombone" \with { instrumentName = "Trombone" shortInstrumentName = "Tbn" } \trombone >> \new StaffGroup = "strings" \with { instrumentName = "Strings" shortInstrumentName = "Strings" } << \new MarkLine \bars \new Staff = "strings" { \strings } >> >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
Questo modello è fondamentalmente analogo al semplice modello “Complesso vocale”,
con l’unica differenza che qui tutti i versi del testo sono posizionati
usando alignAboveContext
e alignBelowContext
.
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative c'' { c4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative c' { e4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative c' { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative c { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords % we could remove the line about this with the line below, since % we want the alto lyrics to be below the alto Voice anyway. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords % again, we could replace the line above this with the line below. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con strofa e ritornello
Questo modello crea una partitura che inizia con una sezione solistica e
prosegue in un ritornello a due voci. Illustra anche l’uso delle
pause spaziatrici all’interno della variabile \global
per definire
i cambi di tempo (e altri elementi comuni a tutte le parti) nel corso di
tutta la partitura.
global = { \key g \major % verse \time 3/4 s2.*2 \break % refrain \time 2/4 s2*2 \bar "|." } SoloNotes = \relative g' { \clef "treble" % verse g4 g g | b4 b b | % refrain R2*2 | } SoloLyrics = \lyricmode { One two three | four five six | } SopranoNotes = \relative c'' { \clef "treble" % verse R2.*2 | % refrain c4 c | g4 g | } SopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { la la | la la | } BassNotes = \relative c { \clef "bass" % verse R2.*2 | % refrain c4 e | d4 d | } BassLyrics = \lyricmode { dum dum | dum dum | } \score { << \new Voice = "SoloVoice" << \global \SoloNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SoloVoice" \SoloLyrics \new ChoirStaff << \new Voice = "SopranoVoice" << \global \SopranoNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SopranoVoice" \SopranoLyrics \new Voice = "BassVoice" << \global \BassNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "BassVoice" \BassLyrics >> >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Staff % these lines prevent empty staves from being printed \RemoveEmptyStaves \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } }
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Tweaks and overrides
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Aggiungere un segno di ottava a una sola voce
Se il rigo ha più di una voce, l’ottavazione in una voce trasporrà
la posizione delle note in tutte le voci per la durata della parentesi
dell’ottava. Se si intende applicare l’ottavazione a una sola voce,
occorre spostare l’incisore Ottava_spanner_engraver
nel
contesto Voice
.
\layout { \context { \Staff \remove Ottava_spanner_engraver } \context { \Voice \consists Ottava_spanner_engraver } } { \clef bass << { <g d'>1~ q2 <c' e'> } \\ { r2. \ottava -1 <b,,, b,,>4 ~ | q2 \ottava 0 <c e>2 } >> }
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Adding links to objects
To add a link to a grob stencil you can use add-link
as defined
here. It works both with \override
and \tweak
.
Drawback: point-and-click
is disturbed for the linked grobs.
Limitation: Works for PDF only.
The linked objects are colored with a separate command. Note that the links are not displayed and are not clickable from inside the LSR.
#(define (add-link url-strg) (lambda (grob) (let* ((stil (ly:grob-property grob 'stencil))) (if (ly:stencil? stil) (let* ((x-ext (ly:stencil-extent stil X)) (y-ext (ly:stencil-extent stil Y)) (url-expr `(url-link ,url-strg ,x-ext ,y-ext)) (new-stil (ly:stencil-add (ly:make-stencil url-expr x-ext y-ext) stil))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil new-stil)))))) %%%% test %% For easier maintenance of this snippet the URL is formatted to use the %% actually used LilyPond version. %% Of course a literal URL would work as well. #(define major.minor-version (string-join (take (string-split (lilypond-version) #\.) 2) ".")) urlI = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/writing-pitches" major.minor-version) urlII = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/rhythms" major.minor-version) urlIII = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/note-heads" major.minor-version) urlIV = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/beams" major.minor-version) urlV = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/note-head-styles" major.minor-version) urlVI = #(format #f "http://lilypond.org/doc/v~a/Documentation/notation/writing-pitches" major.minor-version) \relative c' { \key cis \minor \once \override Staff.Clef.color = #green \once \override Staff.Clef.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlI) \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.color = #green \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlII) \once \override NoteHead.color = #green \once \override NoteHead.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlIII) cis'1 \once \override Beam.color = #green \once \override Beam.after-line-breaking = #(add-link urlIV) cis8 dis e fis gis2 <gis, \tweak Accidental.color #green \tweak Accidental.after-line-breaking #(add-link urlVI) \tweak color #green \tweak after-line-breaking #(add-link urlV) \tweak style #'harmonic bis dis fis >1 <cis, cis' e> }
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Adding markups in a tablature
By default markups does not show in a tablature.
To make them appear, simply use the command
\revert TabStaff.TextScript.stencil
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=919 % by P.P.Schneider on June 2014 high = { r4 r8 <g c'> q r8 r4 } low = { c4 r4 c8 r8 g,8 b, } pulse = { s8^"1" s^"&" s^"2" s^"&" s^"3" s^"&" s^"4" s^"&" } \score { \new TabStaff { \repeat unfold 2 << \high \\ \low \\ \pulse >> } \layout { \context { \TabStaff \clef moderntab \revert TextScript.stencil \override TextScript.font-series = #'bold \override TextScript.font-size = #-2 \override TextScript.color = #red } \context { \Score proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/8) } } }
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Aggiungere i segni di tempo per i glissandi lunghi
I battiti saltati nei glissandi molto lunghi vengono talvolta segnalati con delle indicazioni di tempo, che consistono solitamente in dei gambi privi di teste di nota. Questi gambi possono essere usati anche per contenere segni di espressione intermedi.
Se i gambi non si allineano bene al glissando, può essere necessario riposizionarli leggermente.
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } glissandoSkipOff = { \revert NoteColumn.glissando-skip \undo \hide NoteHead \revert NoteHead.no-ledgers } \relative c'' { r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn f4 g a a8\noBeam \glissandoSkipOff a8 r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn g4 a8 \glissandoSkipOff a8 | r4 f\glissando \< \glissandoSkipOn a4\f \> \glissandoSkipOff b8\! r | }
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Adjusting grace note spacing
The space given to grace notes can be adjusted using the
spacing-increment
property of Score.GraceSpacing
.
graceNotes = { \grace { c4 c8 c16 c32 } c8 } \relative c'' { c8 \graceNotes \override Score.GraceSpacing.spacing-increment = #2.0 \graceNotes \revert Score.GraceSpacing.spacing-increment \graceNotes }
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Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
This snippet shows how to bring the lyrics line closer to the staff.
% Default layout: << \new Staff \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } \new Staff { \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } } % Reducing the minimum space below the staff and above the lyrics: \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 1)) } \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } >>
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Altering the length of beamed stems
Stem lengths on beamed notes can be varied by overriding the
beamed-lengths
property of the details
of the
Stem
. If a single value is used as an argument, the length
applies to all stems. When multiple arguments are used, the first
applies to eighth notes, the second to sixteenth notes and so on. The
final argument also applies to all notes shorter than the note length
of the final argument. Non-integer arguments may also be used.
\relative c'' { \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(2) a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8 10 12) a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] r8 \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8) a8[ a] \override Stem.details.beamed-lengths = #'(8.5) a8[ a] \revert Stem.details.beamed-lengths a8[ a] a16[ a] a32[ a] r16 }
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Numeri di battuta alternativi
Si possono impostare due metodi alternativi di numerazione della battuta, utili specialmente per le ripetizioni.
\relative c'{ \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 \break \set Score.alternativeNumberingStyle = #'numbers-with-letters \repeat volta 3 { c,4 d e f | } \alternative { { c4 d e f | c2 d \break } { f4 g a b | f4 g a b | f2 a | \break } { c4 d e f | c2 d } } c1 }
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Parentesi analitiche sopra il rigo
Delle semplici parentesi analitiche orizzontali vengono aggiunte, per impostazione predefinita, sotto il rigo. L’esempio seguente mostra un modo per posizionarle sopra il rigo.
\layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" } } \relative c'' { \once \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP c2\startGroup d2\stopGroup }
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Parentesi analitiche con etichette
Si può aggiungere del testo alle parentesi analitiche tramite la proprietà
text
del grob HorizontalBracketText
. L’aggiunta di vari frammenti
di testo alle parentesi che iniziano nello stesso momento musicale richiede
l’uso del comando \tweak
.
Dopo un’interruzione di linea il testo viene messo tra parentesi.
\paper { tagline = ##f } \layout { \context { \Voice \consists "Horizontal_bracket_engraver" \override HorizontalBracket.direction = #UP } } { \once\override HorizontalBracketText.text = "a" c''\startGroup d''\stopGroup \once\override HorizontalBracketText.text = "a'" e''\startGroup d''\stopGroup | c''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text \markup \bold \huge "b" \startGroup -\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "a" \startGroup d''\stopGroup e''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text "a'" \startGroup d''\stopGroup\stopGroup | c''-\tweak HorizontalBracketText.text foo \startGroup d'' e'' f'' | \break g'' a'' b'' c'''\stopGroup }
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Asymmetric slurs
Slurs can be made asymmetric to match an asymmetric pattern of notes better.
slurNotes = { d,8( a' d f a f' d, a) } \relative c' { \stemDown \slurUp \slurNotes \once \override Slur.eccentricity = #3.0 \slurNotes }
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Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata
A caesura is sometimes denoted by a double “railtracks” breath mark with a fermata sign positioned above. This snippet shows an optically pleasing combination of railtracks and fermata.
\relative c'' { c2. % construct the symbol \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \override #'(direction . 1) \override #'(baseline-skip . 1.8) \dir-column { \translate #'(0.155 . 0) \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.ufermata" } } \breathe c4 % set the breathe mark back to normal \revert BreathingSign.text c2. \breathe c4 \bar "|." }
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Changing a single note’s size in a chord
Individual note heads in a chord can be modified with the
\tweak
command inside a chord, by altering the font-size
property.
Inside the chord (within the brackets < >
), before the note to
be altered, place the \tweak
command, followed by
font-size
and define the proper size like #-2
(a tiny
note head).
\relative c' { <\tweak font-size #+2 c e g c \tweak font-size #-2 e>1 ^\markup { A tiny e }_\markup { A big c } }
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Changing beam thickness and spacing
To make beams thicker or thinner alter the Beam.beam-thickness
property. To adjust the spacing between beams alter the
Beam.length-fraction
property.
\relative f' { \time 1/8 \override Beam.beam-thickness = #0.4 \override Beam.length-fraction = #0.8 c32 c c c \revert Beam.beam-thickness % 0.48 is default thickness \revert Beam.length-fraction % 1.0 is default spacing c32 c c c \override Beam.beam-thickness = #0.6 \override Beam.length-fraction = #1.3 c32 c c c }
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Modificare la forma delle pause multiple
Se la pausa multipla dura dieci misure o un numero inferiore a dieci, nel rigo
apparirà una serie di pause di longa e di breve (chiamate in tedesco “Kirchenpausen”
- pause ecclesiastiche); altrimenti apparirà una semplice linea. Il numero
predefinito di dieci può essere cambiato sovrascrivendo la proprietà
expand-limit
..
\relative c'' { \compressMMRests { R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9 \override MultiMeasureRest.expand-limit = #3 R1*2 | R1*5 | R1*9 } }
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Changing properties for individual grobs
The \applyOutput
command allows the tuning of any layout
object, in any context. It requires a Scheme function with three
arguments.
#(define (mc-squared grob grob-origin context) (let ((sp (ly:grob-property grob 'staff-position))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup \lower #0.5 #(case sp ((-5) "m") ((-3) "c ") ((-2) #{ \markup \teeny \bold 2 #}) (else "bla")) #})))) \relative c' { <d f g b>2 \applyOutput Voice.NoteHead #mc-squared <d f g b>2 }
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Nascondere la linea di estensione per le dinamiche testuali
Il testo usato per i crescendo e i decrescendo può essere cambiato
modificando le proprietà di contesto crescendoText
e
decrescendoText
.
Lo stile della linea dell’estensore può essere cambiato modificando la
proprietà 'style
di DynamicTextSpanner
. Il valore predefinito
è 'dashed-line
; gli altri valori possibili sono 'line
,
'dotted-line
e 'none
.
\relative c'' { \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic { cresc. poco } } \set crescendoSpanner = #'text \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'dotted-line a2\< a a2 a a2 a a2 a\mf }
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Changing the default text font family
The default font families for text can be overridden with
make-pango-font-tree
.
%{ You may have to install additional fonts. Red Hat Fedora dejavu-fonts-all Debian GNU/Linux, Ubuntu fonts-dejavu-core fonts-dejavu-extra %} \paper { % change for other default global staff size. myStaffSize = #20 %{ run lilypond -dshow-available-fonts to show all fonts available in the process log. %} #(define fonts (make-pango-font-tree "DejaVu Serif" "DejaVu Sans" "DejaVu Sans Mono" (/ myStaffSize 20))) } { g'''4^\markup { DejaVu Serif: \bold bold \italic italic \italic \bold { bold italic } } g4_\markup { \override #'(font-family . sans) { DejaVu Sans: \bold bold \italic italic \italic \bold { bold italic } } } g''2^\markup { \override #'(font-family . typewriter) { DejaVu Sans Mono: \bold bold \italic italic \italic \bold { bold italic } } } }
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Changing the staff size
Though the simplest way to resize staves is to use
#(set-global-staff-size xx)
, an individual staff’s size can be
changed by scaling the properties 'staff-space
and
fontSize
.
<< \new Staff { \relative c'' { \dynamicDown c8\ff c c c c c c c } } \new Staff \with { fontSize = #-3 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -3) } { \clef bass c8 c c c c\f c c c } >>
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Modificare il tempo senza mostrare l’indicazione metronomica
Per cambiare il tempo del file MIDI senza che appaia l’indicazione metronomica, basta renderla invisibile.
\score { \new Staff \relative c' { \tempo 4 = 160 c4 e g b c4 b d c \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 96 d,4 fis a cis d4 cis e d } \layout { } \midi { } }
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Changing the text for sustain markings
Staff.pedalSustainStrings
can be used to set the text used for
pedal down and up. Note that the only valid strings are those found in
the list of pedal glyphs - the values used this snippet constitute an
exhaustive list.
sustainNotes = { c4\sustainOn d e\sustainOff\sustainOn f\sustainOff } \relative c' { \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("P" "P-" "-") \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("d" "de" "e") \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("M" "M-" "-") \sustainNotes \set Staff.pedalSustainStrings = #'("Ped" "*Ped" "*") \sustainNotes }
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Controlling spanner visibility after a line break
The visibility of spanners which end on the first note following a line
break is controlled by the after-line-breaking
callback
ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time
.
For objects such as glissandos and hairpins, the default behaviour is to hide the spanner after a break; disabling the callback will allow the left-broken span to be shown.
Conversely, spanners which are usually visible, such as text spans, can be hidden by enabling the callback.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c'' { \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f \override Glissando.breakable = ##t % show hairpin \override Hairpin.after-line-breaking = ##t % hide text span \override TextSpanner.after-line-breaking = #ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time e2\<\startTextSpan % show glissando \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t f2\glissando \break f,1\!\stopTextSpan }
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Controllo dell’ordine verticale degli script
L’ordine verticale degli script è determinato dalla proprietà
'script-priority
. Più il numero è piccolo, più sarà posto
vicino alla nota. In questo esempio, il simbolo di diesis (oggetto
TextScript
) ha prima la priorità più bassa, dunque è posto più
in basso nel primo esempio. Nel secondo, il trillo (oggetto Script
) ha
la priorità più bassa, quindi si trova all’interno. Quando due oggetti hanno
la stessa priorità, l’ordine in cui sono inseriti determina quale viene
prima.
\relative c''' { \once \override TextScript.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } \once \override Script.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } }
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Controllare la visibilità della parentesi del gruppo irregolare
Il comportamento predefinito relativo alla visibilità della parentesi quadra del gruppo irregolare è di mostrare una parentesi a meno che non ci sia una travatura della stessa lunghezza del gruppo.
Per controllare la visibilità di tale parentesi, si imposta la proprietà
'bracket-visibility
su #t
(mostra sempre la parentesi),
#'if-no-beam
(mostra la parentesi solo se non c’è una travatura,
che è il comportamento predefinito) o #f
(non mostrare mai la parentesi).
L’ultima opzione equivale a omettere l’oggetto @code{TupletBracket}
dall’output.
music = \relative c'' { \tuplet 3/2 { c16[ d e } f8] \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } \tuplet 3/2 { c4 d e } } \new Voice { \relative c' { \override Score.TextMark.non-musical = ##f \textMark "default" \music \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam \textMark \markup \typewriter "'if-no-beam" \music \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = ##t \textMark \markup \typewriter "#t" \music \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = ##f \textMark \markup \typewriter "#f" \music \omit TupletBracket \textMark \markup \typewriter "omit" \music } }
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Creare un gruppetto ritardato
Creare un gruppetto ritardato, dove la nota più bassa del gruppetto usa
l’alterazione, richiede vari \override. La proprietà
outside-staff-priority
deve essere impostata su #f
, perché
altrimenti questa avrebbe la precedenza sulla proprietà avoid-slur
.
Cambiando la frazione 2/3
si aggiusta la posizione orizzontale.
\relative c'' { \after 2*2/3 \turn c2( d4) r | \after 4 \turn c4.( d8) \after 4 { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.avoid-slur = #'inside \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.font-size = -3 \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.script-priority = -1 \once \hideNotes cis8\turn \noBeam } d4.( e8) }
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Creating custom key signatures
LilyPond supports custom key signatures. In this example, print for D minor with an extended range of printed flats.
\new Staff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #8 \override KeySignature.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) \override KeyCancellation.flat-positions = #'((-7 . 6)) % presumably sharps are also printed in both octaves \override KeySignature.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override KeyCancellation.sharp-positions = #'((-6 . 7)) \override Clef.stencil = # (lambda (grob)(grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup\combine \musicglyph "clefs.C" \translate #'(-3 . -2) \musicglyph "clefs.F" #})) clefPosition = #3 middleCPosition = #3 middleCClefPosition = #3 } { \key d\minor f bes, f bes, }
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Creating double-digit fingerings
Creating fingerings larger than 5 is possible.
\relative c' { c1-10 c1-50 c1-36 c1-29 }
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Creating text spanners
The \startTextSpan
and \stopTextSpan
commands allow the
creation of text spanners as easily as pedal indications or
octavations. Override some properties of the TextSpanner
object
to modify its output.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"bla" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"blu" a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . -2) } \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-2 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-13 \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #10 \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.5 \override TextSpanner.thickness = #10 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan }
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Cross-staff chords - beaming problems workaround
Sometimes it is better to use stems from the upper staff for creating
cross-staff chords, because no problems with automatic beam collision
avoidance then arise. If the stems from the lower staff were used in
the following example, it would be necessary to change the automatic
beam collision avoidance settings so that it doesn’t detect collisions
between staves using
\override Staff.Beam.collision-voice-only = ##t
\new PianoStaff << \new Staff = up \relative c' { << { r4 \override Stem.cross-staff = ##t \override Stem.length = #19 % this is in half-spaces, % so it makes stems 9.5 staffspaces long \override Stem.Y-offset = #-6 % stems are normally lengthened % upwards, so here we must lower the stem by the amount % equal to the lengthening - in this case (19 - 7) / 2 % (7 is default stem length) e e e } { s4 \change Staff = "bottom" \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t c, c c } >> } \new Staff = bottom \relative c' { \clef bass \voiceOne g8 a g a g a g a } >>
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Cross staff stems
This snippet shows the use of the Span_stem_engraver
and
\crossStaff
to connect stems across staves automatically.
The stem length need not be specified, as the variable distance between noteheads and staves is calculated automatically.
\layout { \context { \PianoStaff \consists "Span_stem_engraver" } } { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff { <b d'>4 r d'16\> e'8. g8 r\! e'8 f' g'4 e'2 } \new Staff { \clef bass \voiceOne \autoBeamOff \crossStaff { <e g>4 e, g16 a8. c8} d \autoBeamOn g8 f g4 c2 } >> }
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Custodes
Custodes may be engraved in various styles.
\layout { ragged-right = ##t } \new Staff \with { \consists "Custos_engraver" } \relative c' { \override Staff.Custos.neutral-position = #4 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'hufnagel c1^"hufnagel" \break <d a' f'>1 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'medicaea c1^"medicaea" \break <d a' f'>1 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'vaticana c1^"vaticana" \break <d a' f'>1 \override Staff.Custos.style = #'mensural c1^"mensural" \break <d a' f'>1 }
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Personalizzare la tastiera del diagramma dei tasti
Le proprietà del diagramma dei tasti possono essere impostate tramite
'fret-diagram-details
. Per i diagrammi dell’oggetto FretBoard,
gli override vengono applicati all’oggetto FretBoards.FretBoard
.
Come Voice
, FretBoards
è un contesto di basso livello,
dunque può essere omesso negli override delle proprietà.
\include "predefined-guitar-fretboards.ly" \storePredefinedDiagram #default-fret-table \chordmode { c' } #guitar-tuning #"x;1-1-(;3-2;3-3;3-4;1-1-);" % shorthand oo = #(define-music-function (grob-path value) (list? scheme?) #{ \once \override $grob-path = #value #}) << \new ChordNames { \chordmode { c1 | c | c | d } } \new FretBoards { % Set global properties of fret diagram \override FretBoards.FretBoard.size = #'1.2 \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \override FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'white \chordmode { c \oo FretBoard.size #'1.0 \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.barre-type #'straight \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color #'black \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code #'below-string c' \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.barre-type #'none \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.number-type #'arabic \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.orientation #'landscape \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.mute-string #"M" \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.label-dir #LEFT \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-color #'black c' \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.finger-code #'below-string \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-radius #0.35 \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.dot-position #0.5 \oo FretBoard.fret-diagram-details.fret-count #3 d } } \new Voice { c'1 | c' | c' | d' } >>
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Personalizzare il diagramma dei tasti di tipo markup
Le proprietà del diagramma dei tasti si possono impostare tramite
'fret-diagram-details
. Per diagrammi di tipo markup, gli
override possono essere applicati all’oggetto Voice.TextScript
o
direttamente al markup.
<< \chords { c1 | c | c | d } \new Voice = "mel" { \textLengthOn % Set global properties of fret diagram \override TextScript.size = #'1.2 \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'in-dot \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'white %% C major for guitar, no barre, using defaults % terse style c'1^\markup { \fret-diagram-terse "x;3-3;2-2;o;1-1;o;" } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % size 1.0 % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'1^\markup { % standard size \override #'(size . 1.0) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . in-dot) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % landscape orientation, arabic numbers, M for mute string % no barre, fret label down or left, small mute label font c'1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (number-type . arabic) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (orientation . landscape) (barre-type . none) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } %% simple D chord % terse style % larger dots, centered dots, fewer frets % label below string d'1^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } } >>
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Mostrare la parentesi anche se c’è un solo rigo nel sistema
Se c’è un solo rigo in uno dei tipi di rigo ChoirStaff
o
StaffGroup
, la parentesi e la stanghetta iniziale non
appaiono. Si può modificare questo comportamento predefinito
sovrascrivendo collapse-height
e impostando un valore
inferiore al numero di linee del rigo.
Nei contesti PianoStaff
e GrandStaff
, dove i sistemi
iniziano con una parentesi graffa invece di una parentesi quadra,
occorre impostare un’altra proprietà, come si vede nel secondo
sistema dell’esempio.
\score { \new StaffGroup << % Must be lower than the actual number of staff lines \override StaffGroup.SystemStartBracket.collapse-height = #4 \override Score.SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #4 \new Staff { c'1 } >> } \score { \new PianoStaff << \override PianoStaff.SystemStartBrace.collapse-height = #4 \override Score.SystemStartBar.collapse-height = #4 \new Staff { c'1 } >> }
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Displaying grob ancestry
When working with grob callbacks, it can be helpful to understand a grob’s ancestry. Most grobs have parents which influence the positioning of the grob. X- and Y-parents influence the horizontal and vertical positions for the grob, respectively. Additionally, each parent may have parents of its own.
Unfortunately, there are several aspects of a grob’s ancestry that can lead to confusion:
- The types of parents a grob has may depend on context.
- For some grobs, the X- and Y-parents are the same.
- A particular ancestor may be related to a grob in multiple ways.
- The concept of generations is misleading.
For example, the System
grob can be both parent (on the Y-side)
and grandparent (twice on the X-side) to a VerticalAlignment
grob.
This macro prints (to the console) a textual representation of a grob’s ancestry.
When called this way:
{ \once \override NoteHead.before-line-breaking = #display-ancestry c }
The following output is generated:
NoteHead X,Y: NoteColumn X: PaperColumn X,Y: System Y: VerticalAxisGroup X: NonMusicalPaperColumn X,Y: System Y: VerticalAlignment X: NonMusicalPaperColumn X,Y: System Y: System
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=622 %% see also http://www.lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/snippets/tweaks-and-overrides#tweaks-and-overrides-displaying-grob-ancestry %% Remark: %% grob::name is in the source since 2.19.x could be deleted during next LSR-upgrade #(define (grob::name grob) (assq-ref (ly:grob-property grob 'meta) 'name)) #(define (get-ancestry grob) (if (not (null? (ly:grob-parent grob X))) (list (grob::name grob) (get-ancestry (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (get-ancestry (ly:grob-parent grob Y))) (grob::name grob))) #(define (format-ancestry lst padding) (string-append (symbol->string (car lst)) "\n" (let ((X-ancestry (if (list? (cadr lst)) (format-ancestry (cadr lst) (+ padding 3)) (symbol->string (cadr lst)))) (Y-ancestry (if (list? (caddr lst)) (format-ancestry (caddr lst) (+ padding 3)) (symbol->string (caddr lst))))) (if (equal? X-ancestry Y-ancestry) (string-append (format #f "~&") (make-string padding #\space) "X,Y: " (if (list? (cadr lst)) (format-ancestry (cadr lst) (+ padding 5)) (symbol->string (cadr lst)))) (string-append (format #f "~&") (make-string padding #\space) "X: " X-ancestry "\n" (make-string padding #\space) "Y: " Y-ancestry (format #f "~&")))) (format #f "~&"))) #(define (display-ancestry grob) (format (current-error-port) "~3&~a~2%~a~&" (make-string 36 #\-) (if (ly:grob? grob) (format-ancestry (get-ancestry grob) 0) (format #f "~a is not a grob" grob)))) \relative c' { \once \override NoteHead.before-line-breaking = #display-ancestry f4 \once \override Accidental.before-line-breaking = #display-ancestry \once \override Arpeggio.before-line-breaking = #display-ancestry <f as c>4\arpeggio }
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Dotted harmonics
Artificial harmonics using \harmonic
do not show dots. To
override this behavior, set the context property harmonicDots
.
\relative c''' { \time 3/4 \key f \major \set harmonicDots = ##t <bes f'\harmonic>2. ~ <bes f'\harmonic>4. <a e'\harmonic>8( <gis dis'\harmonic> <g d'\harmonic>) <fis cis'\harmonic>2. <bes f'\harmonic>2. }
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Drawing boxes around grobs
The print-function
can be overridden to draw a box around an
arbitrary grob.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.3 ly:text-interface::print) c'4^"foo" \override Stem.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.05 0.25 ly:stem::print) \override Score.RehearsalMark.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.15 0.3 ly:text-interface::print) b8 \revert Stem.stencil \revert Flag.stencil c4. c4 \mark \default c1 }
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Drawing circles around various objects
The \circle
markup command draws circles around various
objects, for example fingering indications. For other objects,
specific tweaks may be required: this example demonstrates two
strategies for rehearsal marks and measure numbers.
\relative c' { c1 \set Score.rehearsalMarkFormatter = #(lambda (mark context) (make-circle-markup (format-mark-numbers mark context))) \mark \default c2 d^\markup { \override #'(thickness . 3) { \circle \finger 2 } } \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #all-visible \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) }
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Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
Funzioni postfix per estensori testuali personalizzati del crescendo. Gli
estensori devono iniziare sulla prima nota della misura; e bisogna usare
-\mycresc
, altrimenti l’inizio dell’estensore viene assegnato alla
nota successiva.
% Two functions for (de)crescendo spanners where you can explicitly % give the spanner text. mycresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) mydecresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'DecrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) \relative c' { c4-\mycresc "custom cresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4 c4 c4 | c4-\mydecresc "custom decresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4\! c4 c4 }
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Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
Si possono definire estensori testuali personalizzati che fanno uso delle
forcine e dei crescendo testuali. \<
e \>
generano le
forcine, \cresc
etc. generano gli estensori testuali.
% Some sample text dynamic spanners, to be used as postfix operators crpoco = #(make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text "cresc. poco a poco") \relative c' { c4\cresc d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\crpoco c4 | c4 d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\< c4 | g4\dim a4 b4\decresc c4\! }
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Extending a TrillSpanner
For TrillSpanner
, the minimum-length
property becomes
effective only if the set-spacing-rods
procedure is called
explicitly.
To do this, the springs-and-rods
property should be set to
ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods
.
\relative c' { \key c\minor \time 2/4 c16( as') c,-. des-. \once\override TrillSpanner.minimum-length = #15 \once\override TrillSpanner.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \afterGrace es4 \startTrillSpan { d16[( \stopTrillSpan es)] } c( c' g es c g' es d \hideNotes c8) }
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Estendere i glissandi sulle volte delle ripetizioni
Un glissando che si estende in vari blocchi \alternative
può
essere simulato aggiungendo all’inizio di ogni blocco \alternative
una nota di abbellimento nascosta da cui inizia un glissando. La nota di
abbellimento deve avere la stessa altezza della nota da cui parte il
glissando iniziale. In questo frammento si usa una funzione musicale
che prende come argomento l’altezza della nota di abbellimento.
Attenzione: nella musica polifonica la nota di abbellimento deve avere una nota di abbellimento corrispondente in tutte le altre voci.
repeatGliss = #(define-music-function (grace) (ly:pitch?) #{ % the next two lines ensure the glissando is long enough % to be visible \once \override Glissando.springs-and-rods = #ly:spanner::set-spacing-rods \once \override Glissando.minimum-length = #3.5 \once \hideNotes \grace $grace \glissando #}) \score { \relative c'' { \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f\glissando } \alternative { { g2 d } { \repeatGliss f g2 e } { \repeatGliss f e2 d } } } } music = \relative c' { \voiceOne \repeat volta 2 { g a b c\glissando } \alternative { { d1 } { \repeatGliss c \once \omit StringNumber e1\2 } } } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff << \new Voice { \clef "G_8" \music } >> \new TabStaff << \new TabVoice { \clef "moderntab" \music } >> >> }
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Fine-tuning pedal brackets
The appearance of pedal brackets may be altered in different ways.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c2\sostenutoOn c c2\sostenutoOff c \once \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket.shorten-pair = #'(-7 . -2) c2\sostenutoOn c c2\sostenutoOff c \once \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket.edge-height = #'(0 . 3) c2\sostenutoOn c c2\sostenutoOff c }
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Flat Ties
The function takes the default Tie.stencil
as an argument,
calculating the result relying on the extents of this default.
Further tweaking is possible by overriding
Tie.details.height-limit
or with \shape
. It’s also
possible to change the custom-definition on the fly.
%% http://lsr.di.unimi.it/LSR/Item?id=1031 #(define ((flared-tie coords) grob) (define (pair-to-list pair) (list (car pair) (cdr pair))) (define (normalize-coords goods x y dir) (map (lambda (coord) ;(coord-scale coord (cons x (* y dir))) (cons (* x (car coord)) (* y dir (cdr coord)))) goods)) (define (my-c-p-s points thick) (make-connected-path-stencil points thick 1.0 1.0 #f #f)) ;; outer let to trigger suicide (let ((sten (ly:tie::print grob))) (if (grob::is-live? grob) (let* ((layout (ly:grob-layout grob)) (line-thickness (ly:output-def-lookup layout 'line-thickness)) (thickness (ly:grob-property grob 'thickness 0.1)) (used-thick (* line-thickness thickness)) (dir (ly:grob-property grob 'direction)) (xex (ly:stencil-extent sten X)) (yex (ly:stencil-extent sten Y)) (lenx (interval-length xex)) (leny (interval-length yex)) (xtrans (car xex)) (ytrans (if (> dir 0)(car yex) (cdr yex))) (uplist (map pair-to-list (normalize-coords coords lenx (* leny 2) dir)))) (ly:stencil-translate (my-c-p-s uplist used-thick) (cons xtrans ytrans))) '()))) #(define flare-tie (flared-tie '((0 . 0)(0.1 . 0.2) (0.9 . 0.2) (1.0 . 0.0)))) \layout { \context { \Voice \override Tie.stencil = #flare-tie } } \paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { a4~a \override Tie.height-limit = 4 a'4~a a'4~a <a,, c e a c e a c e>~ q \break a'4~a \once \override Tie.details.height-limit = 14 a4~a \break a4~a \once \override Tie.details.height-limit = 0.5 a4~a \break a4~a \shape #'((0 . 0) (0 . 0.4) (0 . 0.4) (0 . 0)) Tie a4~a \break a4~a \once \override Tie.stencil = #(flared-tie '((0 . 0)(0.1 . 0.4) (0.9 . 0.4) (1.0 . 0.0))) a4~a a4~a \once \override Tie.stencil = #(flared-tie '((0 . 0)(0.06 . 0.1) (0.94 . 0.1) (1.0 . 0.0))) a4~a }
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Force a cancellation natural before accidentals
The following example shows how to force a natural sign before an accidental.
\relative c' { \key es \major bes c des \tweak Accidental.restore-first ##t eis }
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Forzare lo spostamento orizzonatale delle note
Quando il motore tipografico non riesce a risolvere una situazione, si può usare la sintassi che sovrascrive le decisioni tipografiche. L’unità di misura usata è lo spazio del rigo.
\relative c' << { <d g>2 <d g> } \\ { <b f'>2 \once \override NoteColumn.force-hshift = #1.7 <b f'>2 } >>
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Fret diagrams explained and developed
This snippet shows many possibilities for obtaining and tweaking fret diagrams.
<< \chords { a2 a \repeat unfold 3 { c c c d d } } \new Voice = "mel" { \textLengthOn % Set global properties of fret diagram \override TextScript.size = #1.2 \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.finger-code = #'below-string \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.dot-color = #'black %% A chord for ukulele a'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (string-count . 4) (dot-color . white) (finger-code . in-dot))) { \fret-diagram "4-2-2;3-1-1;2-o;1-o;" } } %% A chord for ukulele, with formatting defined in definition string % 1.2 * size, 4 strings, 4 frets, fingerings below string % dot radius .35 of fret spacing, dot position 0.55 of fret spacing a'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (dot-color . white) (open-string . "o"))) { \fret-diagram "s:1.2;w:4;h:3;f:2;d:0.35;p:0.55;4-2-2;3-1-1;2-o;1-o;" } } %% These chords will be in normal orientation %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . below-string) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret %% Double barre used to test barre function % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . arabic) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . in-dot) (fret-label-font-mag . 0.6) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 4 2 5) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, with capo on third fret % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-upper) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . none) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0.5) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (capo 3) (open 5) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) (open 1)) } } } %% simple D chord d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (string-thickness-factor . 0.3) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } %% simple D chord, large top fret thickness d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (top-fret-thickness . 7) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } % These chords will be in landscape orientation \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'landscape %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . below-string) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret %% Double barre used to test barre function % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . arabic) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . in-dot) (fret-label-font-mag . 0.6) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 4 2 5) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, with capo on third fret % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-upper) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . none) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0.5) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (capo 3) (open 5) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) (open 1)) } } } %% simple D chord d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } %% simple D chord, large top fret thickness d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (top-fret-thickness . 7) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } % These chords will be in opposing-landscape orientation \override TextScript.fret-diagram-details.orientation = #'opposing-landscape %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret % verbose style % roman fret label, finger labels below string, straight barre c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-lower) (finger-code . below-string) (barre-type . straight))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, barred on third fret %% Double barre used to test barre function % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . arabic) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . in-dot) (fret-label-font-mag . 0.6) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0) (label-dir . -1) (mute-string . "M") (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (place-fret 5 3 1) (place-fret 4 5 2) (place-fret 3 5 3) (place-fret 2 5 4) (place-fret 1 3 1) (barre 4 2 5) (barre 5 1 3)) } } } %% C major for guitar, with capo on third fret % verbose style c'2^\markup { % 110% of default size \override #'(size . 1.1) { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (number-type . roman-upper) (dot-label-font-mag . 0.9) (finger-code . none) (fret-label-vertical-offset . 0.5) (xo-font-magnification . 0.4) (xo-padding . 0.3))) { \fret-diagram-verbose #'((mute 6) (capo 3) (open 5) (place-fret 4 5 1) (place-fret 3 5 2) (place-fret 2 5 3) (open 1)) } } } %% simple D chord d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } %% simple D chord, large top fret thickness d'2^\markup { \override #'(fret-diagram-details . ( (finger-code . below-string) (dot-radius . 0.35) (dot-position . 0.5) (top-fret-thickness . 7) (fret-count . 3))) { \fret-diagram-terse "x;x;o;2-1;3-2;2-3;" } } } >>
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Generating custom flags
The stencil
property of the Flag
grob can be set to a
custom scheme function to generate the glyph for the flag.
#(define-public (weight-flag grob) (let* ((stem-grob (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (log (- (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'duration-log) 2)) (is-up? (eqv? (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'direction) UP)) (yext (if is-up? (cons (* log -0.8) 0) (cons 0 (* log 0.8)))) (flag-stencil (make-filled-box-stencil '(-0.4 . 0.4) yext)) (stroke-style (ly:grob-property grob 'stroke-style)) (stroke-stencil (if (equal? stroke-style "grace") (make-line-stencil 0.2 -0.9 -0.4 0.9 -0.4) empty-stencil))) (ly:stencil-add flag-stencil stroke-stencil))) % Create a flag stencil by looking up the glyph from the font #(define (inverted-flag grob) (let* ((stem-grob (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (dir (if (eqv? (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'direction) UP) "d" "u")) (flag (retrieve-glyph-flag "" dir "" grob)) (line-thickness (ly:staff-symbol-line-thickness grob)) (stem-thickness (ly:grob-property stem-grob 'thickness)) (stem-width (* line-thickness stem-thickness)) (stroke-style (ly:grob-property grob 'stroke-style)) (stencil (if (null? stroke-style) flag (add-stroke-glyph flag stem-grob dir stroke-style ""))) (rotated-flag (ly:stencil-rotate-absolute stencil 180 0 0))) (ly:stencil-translate rotated-flag (cons (- (/ stem-width 2)) 0)))) snippetexamplenotes = { \autoBeamOff c'8 d'16 c'32 d'64 \acciaccatura {c'8} d'64 } { \time 1/4 \textMark "Normal flags" \snippetexamplenotes \textMark "Custom flag: inverted" \override Flag.stencil = #inverted-flag \snippetexamplenotes \textMark "Custom flag: weight" \override Flag.stencil = #weight-flag \snippetexamplenotes \textMark "Revert to normal" \revert Flag.stencil \snippetexamplenotes }
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Glissandi can skip grobs
NoteColumn
grobs can be skipped over by glissandi.
\relative c' { a2 \glissando \once \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t f''4 d, }
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Hairpins with different line styles
Hairpins can take any style from line-interface
- dashed-line,
dotted-line, line, trill or zigzag.
\relative c' { c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'dashed-line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'dotted-line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'trill c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'zigzag c2\< c\! \revert Hairpin.style c2\< c\! }
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Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")
Some dynamic expressions involve additional text, like “sempre pp”. Since dynamics are usually centered under the note, the \pp would be displayed way after the note it applies to.
To correctly align the “sempre pp” horizontally so that it is aligned as if it were only the \pp, there are several approaches:
-
Simply use
\once\override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2
before the note with the dynamics to manually shift it to the correct position. Drawback: This has to be done manually each time you use that dynamic markup... -
Add some padding (
#:hspace 7.1
) into the definition of your custom dynamic mark so that after LilyPond center-aligns it, it is already correctly aligned. Drawback: The padding really takes up that space and does not allow any other markup or dynamics to be shown in that position. -
Shift the dynamic script
\once\override ... .X-offset = ...
. Drawback:\once\override
is needed for every invocation! -
Set the dimensions of the additional text to 0 (using
#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0)
). Drawback: For LilyPond, “sempre” has no extent now. This means it might put other stuff there, causing collisions (which are not detected by LilyPond’s collision detection algorithm!). There also seems to be some spacing, so it is not exactly the same alignment as without the additional text. - Add an explicit shift directly inside the scheme function for the dynamic script.
-
Set an explicit alignment inside the dynamic script. By default, this
won’t have any effect, only if one sets
X-offset
! Drawback: One needs to setDynamicText.X-offset
, which will apply to all dynamic texts! Also, it is aligned at the right edge of the additional text, not at the center of \pp.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f indent = 2.5\cm } % Solution 1: Using a simple markup with a particular halign value % Drawback: It's a markup, not a dynamic command, so \dynamicDown % etc. will have no effect semppMarkup = \markup { \halign #1.4 \italic "sempre" \dynamic "pp" } % Solution 2: Using a dynamic script & shifting with % \once \override ...X-offset = .. % Drawback: \once \override needed for every invocation semppK = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 3: Padding the dynamic script so the center-alignment % puts it at the correct position % Drawback: the padding really reserves the space, nothing else can be there semppT = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp" #:hspace 7.1))) % Solution 4: Dynamic, setting the dimensions of the additional text to 0 % Drawback: To lilypond "sempre" has no extent, so it might put % other stuff there => collisions % Drawback: Also, there seems to be some spacing, so it's not exactly the % same alignment as without the additional text semppM = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0) #:right-align #:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 5: Dynamic with explicit shifting inside the scheme function semppG = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:hspace 0 #:translate '(-18.85 . 0) #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 6: Dynamic with explicit alignment. This has only effect % if one sets X-offset! % Drawback: One needs to set DynamicText.X-offset! % Drawback: Aligned at the right edge of the additional text, % not at the center of pp semppMII = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:right-align #:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) \new StaffGroup << \new Staff = "s" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\pp c\p c c | c\ff c c\pp c } >> \new Staff = "sMarkup" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal markup } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4-\semppMarkup c\p c c | c\ff c c-\semppMarkup c } >> \new Staff = "sK" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Explicit shifting } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2 c4\semppK c\p c c c4\ff c \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2 c4\semppK c } >> \new Staff = "sT" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Right padding } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppT c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppT c } >> \new Staff = "sM" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Set dimension "to zero" } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppM c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppM c } >> \new Staff = "sG" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Shift inside dynamics} } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppG c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppG c } >> \new Staff = "sMII" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Alignment inside dynamics } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major % Setting to ##f (false) gives the same result \override DynamicText.X-offset = #0 c4\semppMII c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppMII c } >> >> \layout { \override Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT }
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How to change fret diagram position
If you want to move the position of a fret diagram, for example, to avoid collision, or to place it between two notes, you have various possibilities:
1) modify #’padding or #’extra-offset values (as shown in the first snippet)
2) you can add an invisible voice and attach the fret diagrams to the invisible notes in that voice (as shown in the second example).
If you need to move the fret according with a rythmic position inside the bar (in the example, the third beat of the measure) the second example is better, because the fret is aligned with the third beat itself.
harmonies = \chordmode { a8:13 % THE FOLLOWING IS THE COMMAND TO MOVE THE CHORD NAME \once \override ChordNames.ChordName.extra-offset = #'(10 . 0) b8:13 s2. % THIS LINE IS THE SECOND METHOD s4 s4 b4:13 } \score { << \new ChordNames \harmonies \new Staff {a8^\markup { \fret-diagram "6-x;5-0;4-2;3-0;2-0;1-2;" } % THE FOLLOWING IS THE COMMAND TO MOVE THE FRET DIAGRAM \once \override TextScript.extra-offset = #'(10 . 0) b4.~^\markup { \fret-diagram "6-x;5-2;4-4;3-2;2-2;1-4;" } b4. a8\break % HERE IS THE SECOND METHOD << { a8 b4.~ b4. a8} { s4 s4 s4^\markup { \fret-diagram "6-x;5-2;4-4;3-2;2-2;1-4;" } } >> } >> }
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Inserire una cesura
I segni di cesura possono essere creati sovrascrivendo la proprietà 'text
dell’oggetto BreathingSign
. È disponibile anche un segno di cesura
curvo.
\relative c'' { \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.straight" } c8 e4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" } g8 e'4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 }
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Keep change clefs full sized
When a clef is changed, the clef sign displayed is smaller than the
initial clef. This can be overridden with full-size-change
.
\relative c' { \clef "treble" c1 \clef "bass" c1 \clef "treble" c1 \override Staff.Clef.full-size-change = ##t \clef "bass" c1 \clef "treble" c1 \revert Staff.Clef.full-size-change \clef "bass" c1 \clef "treble" c1 }
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Line arrows
Arrows can be applied to text-spanners and line-spanners (such as the Glissando).
\relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-padding = #1.0 \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"fof" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"gag" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #0.6 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override Glissando.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t \override Glissando.arrow-length = #0.5 \override Glissando.arrow-width = #0.25 a8\startTextSpan gis a4 b\glissando b, g'4 c\stopTextSpan c2 }
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Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
Setting the transparent
property will cause an object to be
printed in “invisible ink”: the object is not printed, but all its
other behavior is retained. The object still takes up space, it takes
part in collisions, and slurs, ties and beams can be attached to it.
This snippet demonstrates how to connect different voices using ties. Normally, ties only connect two notes in the same voice. By introducing a tie in a different voice, and blanking the first up-stem in that voice, the tie appears to cross voices.
\relative { \time 2/4 << { \once \hide Stem \once \override Stem.length = #8 b'8 ~ 8\noBeam \once \hide Stem \once \override Stem.length = #8 g8 ~ 8\noBeam } \\ { b8 g g e } >> }
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Lasciare che i glissandi vadano a capo
Per permettere a un glissando di andare a capo se capita su un’interruzione di
riga, si impostano le proprietà breakable
e after-line-breaking
su #t
:
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } \relative c'' { \override Glissando.breakable = ##t \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t f1\glissando | \break a4 r2. | f1\glissando \once \glissandoSkipOn \break a2 a4 r4 | }
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Manually controlling beam positions
Beam positions may be controlled manually, by overriding the
positions
setting of the Beam
grob.
\relative c' { \time 2/4 % from upper staff-line (position 2) to center (position 0) \override Beam.positions = #'(2 . 0) c8 c % from center to one above center (position 1) \override Beam.positions = #'(0 . 1) c8 c }
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Measure-centered bar numbers
For film scores, a common convention is to center bar
numbers within their measure. This is achieved through setting
the centerBarNumbers
context property to true. When this
is used, the type of the bar number grobs is CenteredBarNumber
rather than BarNumber
.
This example demonstrates a number of settings: the centered bar numbers are boxed and placed below the staves.
\layout { \context { \Score centerBarNumbers = ##t barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible \override CenteredBarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \override CenteredBarNumberLineSpanner.direction = #DOWN } } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c' { d4-. f8( e d4) bes'-> | d,-. f8( e d4) cis'-> | g-. f8( d e4) g-> | a,1-> | } \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass d4 f8 e d2~ | 4 f8 e d2~ | 4 4 2 | a1 | } >>
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Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
La formattazione mensurale, in cui le stanghette non appaiono sui righi ma
nello spazio tra i righi, si può ottenere usando StaffGroup
al posto
di ChoirStaff
. La stanghetta sui righi viene nascosta con
\hide
.
\layout { \context { \Staff measureBarType = "-span|" } } music = \fixed c'' { c1 d2 \section e2 f1 \fine } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \music \new Staff \music >>
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Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava
È possibile cambiare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.OttavaBracket.stencil = #ly:line-spanner::print \override Staff.OttavaBracket.bound-details = #`((left . ((Y . 0) (attach-dir . ,LEFT) (padding . 0) (stencil-align-dir-y . ,CENTER))) (right . ((Y . 5.0) ; Change the number here (padding . 0) (attach-dir . ,RIGHT) (text . ,(make-draw-dashed-line-markup (cons 0 -1.2)))))) \override Staff.OttavaBracket.left-bound-info = #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-left-bound-info-and-text \override Staff.OttavaBracket.right-bound-info = #ly:horizontal-line-spanner::calc-right-bound-info \ottava #1 c1 c'''1 }
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Spostare le note puntate in polifonia
Quando una nota puntata della voce più alta viene spostata per evitare una
collisione con una nota di un’altra voce, il comportamento predefinito è
spostare la nota più alta a destra. Tale comportamento può essere
modificato tramite la proprietà prefer-dotted-right
di
NoteCollision
.
\new Staff \relative c' << { f2. f4 \override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##f f2. f4 \override Staff.NoteCollision.prefer-dotted-right = ##t f2. f4 } \\ { e4 e e e e e e e e e e e } >>
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Moving slur positions vertically
The vertical position of a slur can be adjusted using the
positions
property of Slur
. The property has 2
parameters, the first referring to the left end of the slur and the
second to the right. The values of the parameters are not used by
LilyPond to make an exact movement of the slur - instead it selects
what placement of the slur looks best, taking into account the
parameter values. Positive values move the slur up, and are
appropriate for notes with stems down. Negative values move downward
slurs further down.
\relative c' { \stemDown e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(1 . 1) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(2 . 2) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(3 . 3) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(4 . 4) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 5) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(0 . 5) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 0) e4( a) \stemUp \override Slur.positions = #'(-5 . -5) e4( a) \stemDown \revert Slur.positions e4( a) }
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Annidare i righi
Si può usare la proprietà systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
per creare
gruppi di righi annidati più complessi. Il comando \set
StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
prende come argomento una lista
alfabetica dell’insieme di righi prodotti. Prima di ogni rigo si può
assegnare un delimitatore di inizio del sistema. Deve essere racchiuso
tra parentesi e collega tutti i righi compresi tra le parentesi. Gli
elementi nella lista possono essere omessi, ma la prima parentesi quadra
collega sempre tutti i righi. Le possibilità sono SystemStartBar
,
SystemStartBracket
, SystemStartBrace
e
SystemStartSquare
.
\new StaffGroup \relative c'' << \override StaffGroup.SystemStartSquare.collapse-height = #4 \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy = #'(SystemStartSquare (SystemStartBrace (SystemStartBracket a (SystemStartSquare b) ) c ) d) \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } \new Staff { c1 } >>
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Overriding articulations by type
Sometimes you may want to affect a single articulation-type. Although
it is always possible to use \tweak
, it might become tedious to
do so for every single sign of a whole score. The following shows how
to tweak articulations with a list of custom settings. One use-case
might be to create a style sheet.
With 2.16.2 and above it is possible to put the proposed function,
\customScripts
, into a \layout
-block.
% Code by David Nalesnik and Thomas Morley #(define (custom-script-tweaks ls) (lambda (grob) (let* ((type (ly:event-property (ly:grob-property grob 'cause) 'articulation-type)) (tweaks (assoc-ref ls type))) (if tweaks (for-each (lambda (x) (ly:grob-set-property! grob (car x) (cdr x))) tweaks))))) customScripts = #(define-music-function (settings) (list?) #{ \override Script.before-line-breaking = #(custom-script-tweaks settings) #}) revertCustomScripts = \revert Script.before-line-breaking %%%%%%%%%%%%% % Example: %%%%%%%%%%%%% % Predefine a list of desired tweaks. #(define my-settings-1 '( (staccato . ((color . (1 0 0)) (padding . 0.5))) (accent . ((font-size . 0) (color . (1 0 0)))) (tenuto . ((rotation . (45 0 0)) (padding . 2) (font-size . 10))) (staccatissimo . ((padding . 1) (color . (1 0 0)))) (segno . ((font-size . 0) (color . (1 0 0)))) )) #(define my-settings-2 '( (staccato . ((color . (0 1 0)))) (accent . ((font-size . 4) (color . (0 1 0)) (padding . 1.5))) (tenuto . ((font-size . 10))) (staccatissimo . ((padding . 2) (color . (0 1 0)))) (coda . ((color . (0 1 0)) (padding . 1))) )) one = \relative c'' { f1-- \customScripts #my-settings-1 f-. f-! f-> f-- f-!\segno \revertCustomScripts f-> f-. } two = \relative c' { f1-- \customScripts #my-settings-2 f-. f-! f-> f---> f-! f-> f-.\coda } \new Staff << \new Voice { \voiceOne \one } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \two } >>
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Overriding articulations of distinct type
Sometimes you may want to affect a single articulation type. Although
it is always possible to use \tweak
, it might become tedious to
do so for every single sign of a whole score. The following shows how
to tweak articulations with a list of custom settings. One use case
might be to create a style sheet.
With 2.16.2 it is possible to put the proposed function,
\customScripts
, into a \layout
block.
% Code by David Nalesnik and Thomas Morley #(define (custom-script-tweaks ls) (lambda (grob) (let* ((type (ly:prob-property (ly:grob-property grob 'cause) 'articulation-type)) (tweaks (assoc-ref ls type))) (if tweaks (for-each (lambda (x) (ly:grob-set-property! grob (car x) (cdr x))) tweaks))))) customScripts = #(define-music-function (settings)(list?) #{ \override Script.before-line-breaking = #(custom-script-tweaks settings) #}) revertCustomScripts = { \revert Script.before-line-breaking } %%%%%%%%%%%%% % Example: %%%%%%%%%%%%% % Predefine a list of desired tweaks. #(define my-settings-1 '( ("staccato" . ((color . (1 0 0))(padding . 0.5))) ("accent" . ((font-size . 0)(color . (1 0 0)))) ("tenuto" . ((rotation . (45 0 0)) (padding . 2)(font-size . 10))) ("staccatissimo" . ((padding . 1) (color . (1 0 0)))) ("segno" . ((font-size . 0)(color . (1 0 0)))) )) #(define my-settings-2 '( ("staccato" . ((color . (0 1 0)))) ("accent" . ((font-size . 4)(color . (0 1 0))(padding . 1.5))) ("tenuto" . ((font-size . 10))) ("staccatissimo" . ((padding . 2) (color . (0 1 0)))) ("coda" . ((color . (0 1 0)) (padding . 1))) )) one = \relative c'' { f1-- \customScripts #my-settings-1 f-. f-! f-> f-- f-!\segno \revertCustomScripts f-> f-. } two = \relative c' { f1-- \customScripts #my-settings-2 f-. f-! f-> f---> f-! f-> f-.\coda } \new Staff << \new Voice { \voiceOne \one } \new Voice { \voiceTwo \two } >>
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Visibilità del conto della ripetizione con segno percentuale
I contatori della ripetizione con segno percentuale possono essere mostrati a
intervalli regolari impostando la proprietà di contesto repeatCountVisibility
.
\relative c'' { \set countPercentRepeats = ##t \set repeatCountVisibility = #(every-nth-repeat-count-visible 5) \repeat percent 10 { c1 } \break \set repeatCountVisibility = #(every-nth-repeat-count-visible 2) \repeat percent 6 { c1 d1 } }
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Positioning arpeggios
If you need to extend or shorten an arpeggio, you can modify the upper and lower start positions independently.
\relative c' { <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 0) <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(0 . 5) <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 5) <c e g b>1\arpeggio }
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Posizionamento delle pause multiple
Diversamente dalle pause normali, non esiste un comando predefinito per cambiare la posizione sul rigo di un simbolo di pausa multipla di qualsiasi tipo connettendolo a una nota. Tuttavia, nella musica polifonica le pause multiple nelle voci dispari e pari sono separate verticalmente. Il posizionamento delle pause multiple si controlla nel modo seguente:
\relative c'' { % Multi-measure rests by default are set under the fourth line R1 % They can be moved using an override \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #-2 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #0 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #2 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #3 R1 \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #6 R1 \revert MultiMeasureRest.staff-position \break % In two Voices, odd-numbered voices are under the top line << { R1 } \\ { a1 } >> % Even-numbered voices are under the bottom line << { a1 } \\ { R1 } >> % Multi-measure rests in both voices remain separate << { R1 } \\ { R1 } >> % Separating multi-measure rests in more than two voices % requires an override << { R1 } \\ { R1 } \\ \once \override MultiMeasureRest.staff-position = #0 { R1 } >> % Using compressed bars in multiple voices requires another override % in all voices to avoid multiple instances being printed \compressMMRests << \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { R1*3 } \\ \revert MultiMeasureRest.direction { R1*3 } >> }
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Posizionare il testo a margine dentro le legature di portamento
I testi a margine devono avere la proprietà outside-staff-priority
impostata su false per poter apparire dentro le legature di portamento.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c2(^\markup { \halign #-10 \natural } d4.) c8 }
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Numeri di battuta racchiusi in rettangoli o cerchi
I numeri di battuta possono apparire anche all’interno di rettangoli o cerchi.
\relative c' { % Prevent bar numbers at the end of a line and permit them elsewhere \override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility = #end-of-line-invisible \set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 4) % Increase the size of the bar number by 2 \override Score.BarNumber.font-size = #2 % Draw a box round the following bar number(s) \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \repeat unfold 5 { c1 } % Draw a circle round the following bar number(s) \override Score.BarNumber.stencil = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print) \repeat unfold 4 { c1 } \bar "|." }
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Posizionare il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata sotto il rigo
Di norma, il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata vengono posizionati sopra il
rigo. Per metterli sotto il rigo basta impostare correttamente la proprietà
direction
di MetronomeMark
o RehearsalMark
.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f } { % Metronome marks below the staff \override Score.MetronomeMark.direction = #DOWN \tempo 8. = 120 c''1 % Rehearsal marks below the staff \override Score.RehearsalMark.direction = #DOWN \mark \default c''1 }
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Printing note names with and without an octave marker
The NoteNames
context can be used to print the text value of
notes. The printOctaveNames
property turns on or off the
representation of the octave of the note.
scale = \relative c' { a4 b c d e4 f g a } \new Staff { << \scale \context NoteNames { \set printOctaveNames = ##f \scale } >> R1 << \scale \context NoteNames { \set printOctaveNames = ##t \scale } >> }
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Printing tuplet brackets on the note head side
Whichever option you choose for controlling the tuplet bracket
visibility, it will show or hide the tuplet bracket irrespectively
of tuplet bracket placement (stem side or note head side).
However, when placing the tuplet bracket on the note head side some
authors recommend always printing the tuplet bracket. The option
visible-over-note-heads
can be used to achieve this.
music = \relative c'' { \tupletNeutral \tuplet 3/2 { c16[ d e } f8] \tupletUp \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e } } \new Voice { \relative c' { \time 2/4 \override TupletBracket.visible-over-note-heads = ##t \override Score.TextMark.non-musical = ##f { \textMark \markup "default" \music } \override TupletBracket.bracket-visibility = #'if-no-beam { \textMark \markup \typewriter "'if-no-beam" \music } } }
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Proportional strict notespacing
If strict-note-spacing
is set spacing of notes is not influenced
by bars or clefs within a system. Rather, they are placed just before
the note that occurs at the same time. This may cause collisions.
\relative c'' << \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \new Staff { c8[ c \clef alto c c \grace { d16 } c8 c] c4 c2 \grace { c16[ c16] } c2 } \new Staff { c2 \tuplet 3/2 { c8 \clef bass cis,, c } c4 c1 } >>
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Removing brace on first line of piano score
This snippet removes the first brace from a PianoStaff
or a
GrandStaff
.
It may be useful when cutting and pasting the engraved image into existing music.
It uses \alterBroken
.
someMusic = { \once \override Staff.Clef.stencil = ##f \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = ##f \repeat unfold 3 c1 \break \repeat unfold 5 c1 \break \repeat unfold 5 c1 } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "right" \relative c'' \someMusic \new Staff = "left" \relative c' { \clef F \someMusic } >> \layout { indent=75 \context { \PianoStaff \alterBroken transparent #'(#t) SystemStartBrace } } }
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Removing connecting bar lines on StaffGroup, PianoStaff, or GrandStaff
By default, bar lines in StaffGroup, PianoStaff, or GrandStaff groups are connected between the staves, i.e. a SpanBar is printed. This behaviour can be overridden on a staff-by-staff basis.
\relative c' { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff { e1 | e \once \override Staff.BarLine.allow-span-bar = ##f e1 | e | e } \new Staff { c1 | c | c \once \override Staff.BarLine.allow-span-bar = ##f c1 | c } \new Staff { a1 | a | a | a | a } >> }
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Eliminare la prima linea vuota
Il primo rigo vuoto si può togliere dalla partitura impostando la proprietà
remove-first
di VerticalAxisGroup
. Questa impostazione
agisce a livello globale se posta nel blocco \layout
, a livello
locale se posta nel rigo specifico che deve essere tolto. Nel secondo
caso, si deve specificare il contesto (Staff
si applica solo al
rigo corrente) prima della proprietà.
Il rigo inferiore del secondo gruppo di righi non viene rimosso, perché l’impostazione ha effetto solo sul rigo in cui si trova.
\layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves % To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line: % \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c' { e4 f g a \break c1 } \new Staff { % To use the setting globally, comment this line, % uncomment the line in the \layout block above \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t R1 \break R } >> \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \relative c' { e4 f g a \break c1 } \new Staff { R1 \break R } >>
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Stili di pausa
Esistono vari stili di pausa.
\new Staff \relative c { \omit Score.TimeSignature \cadenzaOn \override Staff.Rest.style = #'mensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { mensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'neomensural r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { neomensural } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 s32 s64 s128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'classical r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { classical } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'z r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { z-style } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 \bar "" \break \override Staff.Rest.style = #'default r\maxima^\markup \typewriter { default } r\longa r\breve r1 r2 r4 r8 r16 r32 r64 r128 s128 }
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Rhythmic slashes
In “simple” lead-sheets, sometimes no actual notes are written, instead only “rhythmic patterns” and chords above the measures are notated giving the structure of a song. Such a feature is for example useful while creating/transcribing the structure of a song and also when sharing lead sheets with guitarists or jazz musicians.
The standard support for this using \repeat percent
is
unsuitable here since the first beat has to be an ordinary note or
rest.
This example shows two solutions to this problem, by redefining
ordinary rests to be printed as slashes. (If the duration of each beat
is not a quarter note, replace the r4
in the definitions with a
rest of the appropriate duration).
% Macro to print single slash rs = { \once \override Rest.stencil = #ly:percent-repeat-interface::beat-slash \once \override Rest.thickness = #0.48 \once \override Rest.slope = #1.7 r4 } % Function to print a specified number of slashes comp = #(define-music-function (count) (integer?) #{ \override Rest.stencil = #ly:percent-repeat-interface::beat-slash \override Rest.thickness = #0.48 \override Rest.slope = #1.7 \repeat unfold $count { r4 } \revert Rest.stencil #} ) \score { \relative c' { c4 d e f | \rs \rs \rs \rs | \comp #4 | } }
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Separating key cancellations from key signature changes
By default, the accidentals used for key cancellations are placed
adjacent to those for key signature changes. This behavior can be
changed by overriding the 'break-align-orders
property of the
BreakAlignment
grob.
The value of 'break-align-orders
is a vector of length 3, with
quoted lists of breakable items as elements. This example only
modifies the second list, moving key-cancellation
before
staff-bar
; by modifying the second list, break alignment
behavior only changes in the middle of a system, not at the beginning
or the end.
\new Staff { \override Score.BreakAlignment.break-align-orders = ##((left-edge ambitus breathing-sign clef staff-bar key-cancellation key-signature time-signature custos) (left-edge ambitus breathing-sign clef key-cancellation staff-bar key-signature time-signature custos) (left-edge ambitus breathing-sign clef key-cancellation key-signature staff-bar time-signature custos)) \key des \major c'1 \bar "||" \key bes \major c'1 }
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Impostare il comportamento delle forcelle sulle stanghette
Se la nota che termina una forcella si trova sul primo battito di una
battuta, la forcella si ferma prima della stanghetta che precede la
nota. Si può controllare questo comportamento modificando la
proprietà 'to-barline
.
\relative c'' { e4\< e2. e1\! \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f e4\< e2. e1\! }
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Setting system separators
System separators can be inserted between systems. Any markup can be
used, but \slashSeparator
has been provided as a sensible
default.
\paper { system-separator-markup = \slashSeparator line-width = 120 } notes = \relative c' { c1 | c \break c1 | c \break c1 | c } \book { \score { \new GrandStaff << \new Staff \notes \new Staff \notes >> } }
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Showing the same articulation above and below a note or chord
By default, LilyPond does not allow the same articulation (e.g., an
accent, a fermata, a flageolet, etc.) to be displayed above and below a
note. For example, c4_\fermata^\fermata
only shows a fermata
below. The fermata above gets simply ignored.
However, one can stick scripts (just like fingerings) inside a chord,
which means it is possible to have as many articulations as desired.
This approach has the advantage that it ignores the stem and positions
the articulation relative to the note head. This can be seen in the
case of the flageolets in the snippet. To mimic the behaviour of
scripts outside a chord, 'add-stem-support
would be required.
The solution is thus to write the note as a chord and add the
articulations inside of <...>
, using the direction modifiers
^
and _
as appropriate.
\relative c' { <>^"Wrong" c2_\fermata^\fermata % The second fermata is ignored! <e d'>2^\flageolet_\flageolet \stopStaff s1 \startStaff <>^"Works if written inside a chord" <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2 <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2 <e_\flageolet^\flageolet>2 <e_\fermata^\fermata>2 }
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String number extender lines
Make an extender line for string number indications, showing that a series of notes is supposed to be played all on the same string.
stringNumberSpanner = #(define-music-function (StringNumber) (string?) #{ \override TextSpanner.style = #'solid \override TextSpanner.font-size = #-5 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \circle \number $StringNumber } #}) \relative c { \clef "treble_8" \stringNumberSpanner "5" \textSpannerDown a8\startTextSpan b c d e f\stopTextSpan \stringNumberSpanner "4" g\startTextSpan a bes4 a g2\stopTextSpan }
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Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns
If notes from two voices with stems in the same direction are placed at
the same position, and both voices have no shift or the same shift
specified, the error message ‘warning: ignoring too many clashing
note columns’ will appear when compiling the LilyPond file. This
message can be suppressed by setting the 'ignore-collision
property of the NoteColumn
object to #t
. Please note that
this does not just suppress warnings but stops LilyPond trying to
resolve collisions at all and so may have unintended results unless
used with care.
ignore = \override NoteColumn.ignore-collision = ##t \relative c' { \new Staff << \new Voice { \ignore \stemDown f2 g } \new Voice { c2 \stemDown c, } >> }
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Time signature in parentheses
The time signature can be enclosed within parentheses.
\relative c'' { \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (bracketify-stencil (ly:time-signature::print grob) Y 0.1 0.2 0.1)) \time 2/4 a4 b8 c }
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Time signature in parentheses - method 3
Another way to put the time signature in parenthesis
\relative c'' { \override Staff.TimeSignature.stencil = #(lambda (grob) (parenthesize-stencil (ly:time-signature::print grob) 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 )) \time 2/4 a4 b8 c }
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Indicazione di tempo che mostra solo il numeratore (invece della frazione)
Talvolta un’indicazione di tempo non deve mostrare la frazione intera (ad esempio
7/4), ma solo il numeratore (numero 7 in questo caso). Si può ottenere
facilmente con \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit
,
che cambia lo stile in modo permanente. Con \revert
Staff.TimeSignature.style
, questa impostazione può essere annullata. Per
applicare lo stile a cifra singola (single-digit
) a una sola indicazione
di tempo, si usa il comando \override
preceduto da \once
.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 c4 c c % Change the style permanently \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit \time 2/4 c4 c \time 3/4 c4 c c % Revert to default style: \revert Staff.TimeSignature.style \time 2/4 c4 c % single-digit style only for the next time signature \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.style = #'single-digit \time 5/4 c4 c c c c \time 2/4 c4 c }
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Tuplet bracket and change staff
This snippet shows how to set a tuplet starting in a lower staff and finishing in the upper one.
aigues = \relative c' { \time 6/8 s4. \stemDown c16[ bes' e] \stemUp g c e \stemDown g8 } basses = \relative c { \time 3/4 \clef F \tweak positions #'(4.5 . 9.5) \tweak edge-height #'(1 . -1) \tuplet 7/6 { c16[ bes' e] \change Staff = md \stemUp g[ c e g] } s4.s8 } \new PianoStaff \with { \omit TimeSignature } << \new Staff = md \aigues \new Staff = mg \basses >>
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Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave
Cambiando il glifo della chiave, la sua posizione o l’ottavazione non
cambia la posizione delle note successive nel rigo. Per far sì che
le armature di chiave si trovino sulle linee del rigo corrette, bisogna
specificare anche middleCPosition
, con valori positivi o negativi
che spostano il Do centrale
rispettivamente su o giù in senso
relativo alla linea centrale del rigo.
Per esempio, \clef "treble_8"
equivale a impostare
clefGlyph
, clefPosition
(che regola la posizione
verticale della chiave), middleCPosition
e
clefTransposition
. Viene stampata una chiave quando cambia una
di queste proprietà, eccetto middleCPosition
.
Gli esempi seguenti mostrano le possibilità date dall’impostazione manuale di tali proprietà. Sulla prima linea le modifiche manuali preservano il posizionamento relativo standard di chiavi e note, mentre sulla seconda linea non lo fanno.
{ % The default treble clef \key f \major c'1 % The standard bass clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #6 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #6 \key g \major c'1 % The baritone clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" \set Staff.clefPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #4 \key f \major c'1 % The standard choral tenor clef \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" \set Staff.clefPosition = #-2 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #-7 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #1 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #1 \key f \major c'1 % A non-standard clef \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-4 \set Staff.middleCClefPosition = #-4 \key g \major c'1 \break % The following clef changes do not preserve % the normal relationship between notes, key signatures % and clefs: \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.F" \set Staff.clefPosition = #2 c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.G" c'1 \set Staff.clefGlyph = #"clefs.C" c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #7 c'1 \set Staff.clefTransposition = #0 \set Staff.clefPosition = #0 c'1 % Return to the normal clef: \set Staff.middleCPosition = #0 c'1 }
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Modificare l’aspetto degli abbellimenti di un intero brano
L’aspetto di tutte le espressioni contenute nei blocchi \grace
di un
brano può essere modificato con le funzioni add-grace-property
e
remove-grace-property
. L’esempio seguente toglie la definizione
della direzione di Stem
nell’abbellimento, in modo che gli abbellimenti
non siano sempre rivolti in su, e barra le teste di nota.
\relative c'' { \new Staff { $(remove-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction) $(add-grace-property 'Voice 'NoteHead 'style 'cross) \new Voice { \acciaccatura { f16 } g4 \grace { d16 e } f4 \appoggiatura { f,32 g a } e2 } } }
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Using alternative flag styles
Alternative styles of flag on eighth and shorter notes can be displayed
by overriding the stencil
property of Flag
. Valid values
are modern-straight-flag
, old-straight-flag
and
flat-flag
.
testnotes = { \autoBeamOff c8 d16 c32 d64 \acciaccatura { c8 } d64 r4 } \score { \relative c' { \time 2/4 \testnotes \override Flag.stencil = #modern-straight-flag \testnotes \override Flag.stencil = #old-straight-flag \testnotes \override Flag.stencil = #flat-flag \testnotes \revert Flag.stencil \testnotes } \layout { indent = 0 \context { \Score \override NonMusicalPaperColumn.line-break-permission = ##f } } }
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Using ly:grob-object to access grobs with \tweak
Some grobs can be accessed “laterally” from within another grob’s callback. These are usually listed as “layout objects” in the “Internal properties” section of a grob-interface. The function ly:grob-object is used to access these grobs.
Demonstrated below are some ways of accessing grobs from within a
NoteHead callback, but the technique is not limited to NoteHeads.
However, the NoteHead callback is particularly important, since it is
the implicit callback used by the \tweak
command.
The example function defined below ("display-grobs") is probably not that useful, but it demonstrates that the grobs are indeed being accessed.
Example console output:
#Grob Accidental () #Grob Stem
#(define (notehead-get-accidental notehead) ;; notehead is grob (ly:grob-object notehead 'accidental-grob)) #(define (notehead-get-arpeggio notehead) ;; notehead is grob (let ((notecolumn (notehead-get-notecolumn notehead))) (ly:grob-object notecolumn 'arpeggio))) #(define (notehead-get-notecolumn notehead) ;; notehead is grob (ly:grob-parent notehead X)) #(define (notehead-get-stem notehead) ;; notehead is grob (let ((notecolumn (notehead-get-notecolumn notehead))) (ly:grob-object notecolumn 'stem))) #(define (display-grobs notehead) ;; notehead is grob (let ((accidental (notehead-get-accidental notehead)) (arpeggio (notehead-get-arpeggio notehead)) (stem (notehead-get-stem notehead))) (format (current-error-port) "~2&~a\n" (make-string 20 #\-)) (for-each (lambda (x) (format (current-error-port) "~a\n" x)) (list accidental arpeggio stem)))) \relative c' { %% display grobs for each note head: %\override NoteHead.before-line-breaking = #display-grobs <c %% or just for one: \tweak before-line-breaking #display-grobs es g>1\arpeggio }
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Using PostScript to generate special note head shapes
When a note head with a special shape cannot easily be generated with graphic markup, PostScript code can be used to generate the shape. This example shows how a parallelogram-shaped note head is generated.
parallelogram = #(ly:make-stencil (list 'embedded-ps "gsave currentpoint translate newpath 0 0.25 moveto 1.3125 0.75 lineto 1.3125 -0.25 lineto 0 -0.75 lineto closepath fill grestore" ) (cons 0 1.3125) (cons -.75 .75)) myNoteHeads = \override NoteHead.stencil = \parallelogram normalNoteHeads = \revert NoteHead.stencil \relative c'' { \myNoteHeads g4 d' \normalNoteHeads <f, \tweak stencil \parallelogram b e>4 d }
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Using the \tweak command to tweak individual grobs
With the \tweak
command, every grob can be tuned
directly. Here are some examples of available tweaks.
\relative c' { \time 2/4 \set fingeringOrientations = #'(right) < \tweak font-size #3 c \tweak color #red d-\tweak font-size #8 -4 \tweak style #'cross g \tweak duration-log #2 a >2 }
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Dinamiche e segni testuali allineati verticalmente
Tutti gli oggetti DynamicLineSpanner
(forcelle e testi di dinamica)
sono posti a una distanza minima dal rigo determinata da 'staff-padding
.
Se si imposta 'staff-padding
su un valore abbastanza grande,
le dinamiche saranno allineate.
music = \relative c' { a'2\p b\f e4\p f\f\> g, b\p c2^\markup { \huge gorgeous } c^\markup { \huge fantastic } } { \music \break \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #3 \textLengthOn \override TextScript.staff-padding = #1 \music }
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Allineare verticalmente gli ossia e il testo vocale
Questo frammento mostra come usare le proprietà di contesto
alignBelowContext
e alignAboveContext
per
controllare il posizionamento del testo vocale e degli ossia.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c' << \new Staff = "1" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "2" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "3" { c4 c s2 } { \skip 2 << \lyrics { \set alignBelowContext = #"1" lyrics4 below } \new Staff \with { alignAboveContext = #"3" fontSize = #-2 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -2) \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \tuplet 6/4 { \override TextScript.padding = #3 c8[^"ossia above" d e d e f] } } >> } >>
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Vertically centering paired figured bass extenders
Where figured bass extender lines are being used by setting
useBassFigureExtenders
to true, pairs of congruent figured bass
extender lines are vertically centered if
figuredBassCenterContinuations
is set to true.
<< \relative c' { c8 c b b a a c16 c b b c8 c b b a a c16 c b b c8 c b b a a c c b b } \figures { \set useBassFigureExtenders = ##t <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 r <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 <4 3+>16 r \set figuredBassCenterContinuations = ##t <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 r <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 <4 3+>16 r \set figuredBassCenterContinuations = ##f <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 r <6+ 4 3>4 <6 4 3>8 <4 3+>8 } >>
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Paper and layout
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Aligning and centering instrument names
The horizontal alignment of instrument names is tweaked by changing the
Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X
property. The
\layout
variables indent
and short-indent
define
the space in which the instrument names are aligned before the first
and the following systems, respectively.
\paper { left-margin = 3\cm } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT instrumentName = \markup \left-column { "Left aligned" "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Left" } { c''1 \break c''1 } \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #CENTER instrumentName = \markup \center-column { Centered "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Centered" } { g'1 g'1} \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT instrumentName = \markup \right-column { "Right aligned" "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Right" } { e'1 e'1 } >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t indent = 4\cm short-indent = 2\cm } }
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Arranging separate lyrics on a single line
Sometimes you may want to put lyrics for different performers on a
single line: where there is rapidly alternating text, for
example. This snippet shows how this can be done with
\override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing.minimum-distance = ##f
.
\layout { \context { \Lyrics \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-nonstaff-spacing.minimum-distance = ##f } } aliceSings = \markup { \smallCaps "Alice" } eveSings = \markup { \smallCaps "Eve" } << \new Staff << \new Voice = "alice" { f'4^\aliceSings g' r2 | s1 | f'4^\aliceSings g' r2 | s1 | \break % ... \voiceOne s2 a'8^\aliceSings a' b'4 | \oneVoice g'1 } \new Voice = "eve" { s1 | a'2^\eveSings g' | s1 | a'2^\eveSings g' % ... \voiceTwo f'4^\eveSings a'8 g' f'4 e' | \oneVoice s1 } >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alice" { may -- be sec -- ond % ... Shut up, you fool! } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "eve" { that the words are % ... …and then I was like– } >>
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Book parts
\bookpart
can be used to split a book into several parts. Each
part last page can be affected by ragged-last-bottom
. Header and
footer markups can detect a part last page, and make the difference
with the book last page.
#(set-default-paper-size "a6") \book { %% book paper, which is inherited by all children bookparts \paper { ragged-last-bottom = ##t %% Page footer: add a different part-tagline at part last page oddFooterMarkup = \markup { \column { \fill-line { %% Copyright header field only on book first page. \if \on-first-page \fromproperty #'header:copyright } \fill-line { %% Part tagline header field only on each part last page. \if \on-last-page-of-part \fromproperty #'header:parttagline } \fill-line { %% Tagline header field only on book last page. \if \on-last-page \fromproperty #'header:tagline } } } } %% book header, which is inherited by the first bookpart \header { title = "Book title" copyright = "Copyright line on book first page" parttagline = "Part tagline" tagline = "Book tagline" } \bookpart { %% a different page breaking function may be used on each part \paper { page-breaking = #ly:minimal-breaking } \header { subtitle = "First part" } \markup { The first book part } \markup { a page break } \pageBreak \markup { first part last page } \markup \wordwrap { with ragged-last-bottom (see the space below this text) } } \bookpart { \header { subtitle = "Second part" } { c'4 } } }
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Changing the staff size
Though the simplest way to resize staves is to use
#(set-global-staff-size xx)
, an individual staff’s size can be
changed by scaling the properties 'staff-space
and
fontSize
.
<< \new Staff { \relative c'' { \dynamicDown c8\ff c c c c c c c } } \new Staff \with { fontSize = #-3 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -3) } { \clef bass c8 c c c c\f c c c } >>
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Clip systems
This code shows how to clip (extract) snippets from a full score.
This file needs to be run separately with -dclip-systems
; the
snippets page may not adequately show the results. The result will be
files named
‘base-from-start-to-end[-count].eps’.
If system starts and ends are included, they include extents of the System grob, e.g., instrument names.
Grace notes at the end point of the region are not included.
Regions can span multiple systems. In this case, multiple EPS files are generated.
#(ly:set-option 'clip-systems) #(define output-suffix "1") origScore = \score { \relative c' { \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Instrument" } c1 d1 \grace c16 e1 \key d \major f1 \break \clef bass g,1 fis1 } } \book { \score { \origScore \layout { % Each clip-region is a (START . END) pair % where both are rhythmic-locations. % (make-rhythmic-locations BAR-NUMBER NUM DEN) % means NUM/DEN whole-notes into bar numbered BAR-NUMBER clip-regions = #(list (cons (make-rhythmic-location 2 0 1) (make-rhythmic-location 4 0 1)) (cons (make-rhythmic-location 0 0 1) (make-rhythmic-location 4 0 1)) (cons (make-rhythmic-location 0 0 1) (make-rhythmic-location 6 0 1)) ) } } } #(ly:set-option 'clip-systems #f) #(define output-suffix #f) \book { \score { \origScore } \markup { \bold \fontsize #6 clips } \score { \lyrics { \markup { from-2.0.1-to-4.0.1-clip.eps } \markup { \epsfile #X #30.0 #(format #f "~a-1-from-2.0.1-to-4.0.1-clip.eps" (ly:parser-output-name)) } } } }
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Creating blank staves
To create blank staves, generate empty measures then remove the
Bar_number_engraver
from the Score
context, and the
Time_signature_engraver
, Clef_engraver
and
Bar_engraver
from the Staff
context.
#(set-global-staff-size 20) \score { { \repeat unfold 12 { s1 \break } } \layout { indent = 0\in \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" \remove "Bar_engraver" } \context { \Score \remove "Bar_number_engraver" } } } % uncomment these lines for "letter" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "letter") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 7.5\in left-margin = 0.5\in bottom-margin = 0.25\in top-margin = 0.25\in } %} % uncomment these lines for "A4" size %{ \paper { #(set-paper-size "a4") ragged-last-bottom = ##f line-width = 180 left-margin = 15 bottom-margin = 10 top-margin = 10 } %}
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Demonstrating all headers
All header fields with special meanings.
\header { copyright = "copyright" title = "title" subtitle = "subtitle" composer = "composer" arranger = "arranger" instrument = "instrument" meter = "meter" opus = "opus" piece = "piece" poet = "poet" texidoc = "All header fields with special meanings." copyright = "public domain" enteredby = "jcn" source = "urtext" } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } \header { title = "localtitle" subtitle = "localsubtitle" composer = "localcomposer" arranger = "localarranger" instrument = "localinstrument" metre = "localmetre" opus = "localopus" piece = "localpiece" poet = "localpoet" copyright = "localcopyright" } }
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Setting system separators
System separators can be inserted between systems. Any markup can be
used, but \slashSeparator
has been provided as a sensible
default.
\paper { system-separator-markup = \slashSeparator line-width = 120 } notes = \relative c' { c1 | c \break c1 | c \break c1 | c } \book { \score { \new GrandStaff << \new Staff \notes \new Staff \notes >> } }
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Table of contents
A table of contents is included using
\markuplist \table-of-contents
. The TOC items are added with
the \tocItem
command.
#(set-default-paper-size "a6") \book { \markuplist \table-of-contents \pageBreak \tocItem \markup { The first score } \score { { c'1 \pageBreak \mark \default \tocItem \markup { Mark A } d'1 } } \pageBreak \tocItem \markup { The second score } \score { { e'1 } \header { piece = "Second score" } } }
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Vertical aligned StaffGroups without connecting SystemStartBar
This snippet shows how to achieve vertically aligned StaffGroups
with a SystemStartBar
for each StaffGroup
, but without
connecting them.
#(set-global-staff-size 18) \paper { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f print-all-headers = ##t } \layout { \context { \StaffGroup \consists Text_mark_engraver \consists Staff_collecting_engraver systemStartDelimiterHierarchy = #'(SystemStartBrace (SystemStartBracket a b)) } \context { \Score \remove Text_mark_engraver \remove Staff_collecting_engraver \override SystemStartBrace.style = #'bar-line \omit SystemStartBar \override SystemStartBrace.padding = #-0.1 \override SystemStartBrace.thickness = #1.6 \override StaffGrouper.staffgroup-staff-spacing.basic-distance = #15 } } %%%% EXAMPLE txt = \lyricmode { Wer4 nur den lie -- ben Gott läßt wal2 -- ten4 und4 hof -- fet auf ihn al -- le Zeit2. } % First StaffGroup "exercise" eI = \relative c' { \textMark \markup { \bold Teacher: This is a simple setting of the choral. Please improve it. } \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceOne \partial 4 e4 a b c b a b gis2 e4\fermata g! g f e a a gis a2.\fermata \bar ":|." } eII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceTwo \partial 4 c4 e e e gis a f e2 b4 b d d c c d d c2. \bar ":|." } eIII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceOne \partial 4 a4 c b a b c d b2 gis4 g g b c a f e e2. } eIV = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceTwo \partial 4 a,4 a' gis a e a, d e2 e,4\fermata e' b g c f d e a,2.\fermata \bar ":|." } exercise = \new StaffGroup = "exercise" << \new Staff << \new Voice \eI \new Voice \eII >> \new Lyrics \txt \new Staff << \new Voice \eIII \new Voice \eIV >> >> % Second StaffGroup "simple Bach" sbI = \relative c' { \textMark \markup { \bold" Pupil:" Here's my version! } \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceOne \partial 4 e4 a b c b a b gis2 e4\fermata g! g f e a a gis a2.\fermata \bar ":|." } sbII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceTwo \partial 4 c8 d e4 e e8 f g4 f f e2 b4 b8 c d4 d e8 d c4 b8 c d4 c2. \bar ":|." } sbIII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceOne \partial 4 a8 b c4 b a b8 c d4 d8 c b2 gis4 g g8 a b4 b a8 g f4 e e2. } sbIV = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceTwo \partial 4 a,4 a' gis a e f8 e d4 e2 e,4\fermata e' b a8 g c4 f8 e d4 e a,2.\fermata \bar ":|." } simpleBach = \new StaffGroup = "simple Bach" << \new Staff << \new Voice \sbI \new Voice \sbII >> \new Lyrics \txt \new Staff << \new Voice \sbIII \new Voice \sbIV >> >> % Third StaffGroup "chromatic Bach" cbI = \relative c' { \textMark \markup { \bold "Teacher:" \column { "Well, you simply copied and transposed a version of J.S.Bach." "Do you know this one?" } } \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceOne \partial 4 e4 a b c b a b gis4. fis8 e4\fermata g! g f e a a8 b gis4 a2.\fermata \bar ":|." } cbII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \voiceTwo \partial 4 c8 d e4 e e8 fis gis4 a8 g! f!4 e2 b4 e e d d8[ cis] d dis e fis e4 e2. \bar ":|." } cbIII = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceOne \partial 4 a8 b c[ b] a gis8 a4 d, e8[ e'] d c b4. a8 gis4 b c d8 c b[ a] a b c b b c16 d c2. } cbIV = \relative c' { \key a \minor \time 4/4 \clef bass \voiceTwo \partial 4 a4 c, e a, b c d e2 e4\fermata e a b8 c gis[ g] fis f e dis e4 a,2.\fermata \bar ":|." } chromaticBach = \new StaffGroup = "chromatic Bach" << \new Staff << \new Voice \cbI \new Voice \cbII >> \new Lyrics \txt \new Staff << \new Voice \cbIII \new Voice \cbIV >> >> % Score \score { << \exercise \simpleBach \chromaticBach >> \header { title = \markup \column { \combine \null \vspace #1 "Exercise: Improve the given choral" " " } } \layout { \context { \Lyrics \override LyricText.X-offset = #-1 } } }
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Titles
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Adding the current date to a score
With a little Scheme code, the current date can easily be added to a score.
% first, define a variable to hold the formatted date: date = #(strftime "%d-%m-%Y" (localtime (current-time))) % use it in the title block: \header { title = "Including the date!" subtitle = \date } \score { \relative c'' { c4 c c c } } % and use it in a \markup block: \markup { \date }
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Aligning and centering instrument names
The horizontal alignment of instrument names is tweaked by changing the
Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X
property. The
\layout
variables indent
and short-indent
define
the space in which the instrument names are aligned before the first
and the following systems, respectively.
\paper { left-margin = 3\cm } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT instrumentName = \markup \left-column { "Left aligned" "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Left" } { c''1 \break c''1 } \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #CENTER instrumentName = \markup \center-column { Centered "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Centered" } { g'1 g'1} \new Staff \with { \override InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #RIGHT instrumentName = \markup \right-column { "Right aligned" "instrument name" } shortInstrumentName = "Right" } { e'1 e'1 } >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t indent = 4\cm short-indent = 2\cm } }
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Demonstrating all headers
All header fields with special meanings.
\header { copyright = "copyright" title = "title" subtitle = "subtitle" composer = "composer" arranger = "arranger" instrument = "instrument" meter = "meter" opus = "opus" piece = "piece" poet = "poet" texidoc = "All header fields with special meanings." copyright = "public domain" enteredby = "jcn" source = "urtext" } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } } \score { \relative c'' { c1 | c | c | c } \header { title = "localtitle" subtitle = "localsubtitle" composer = "localcomposer" arranger = "localarranger" instrument = "localinstrument" metre = "localmetre" opus = "localopus" piece = "localpiece" poet = "localpoet" copyright = "localcopyright" } }
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Outputting the version number
It is possible to print the version number of LilyPond in markup.
\markup { Processed with LilyPond version #(lilypond-version) }
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Spacing
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Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
This snippet shows how to bring the lyrics line closer to the staff.
% Default layout: << \new Staff \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } \new Lyrics \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } \new Staff { \new Voice = melody \relative c' { c4 d e f g4 f e d c1 } } % Reducing the minimum space below the staff and above the lyrics: \new Lyrics \with { \override VerticalAxisGroup.nonstaff-relatedstaff-spacing = #'((basic-distance . 1)) } \lyricsto melody { aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa } >>
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Far sì che la diteggiatura appaia dentro il rigo
Per impostazione predefinita, le diteggiature orientate verticalmente sono poste fuori dal rigo; questo comportamento tuttavia può essere disabilitato. Occorre fare attenzione alle situazioni in cui le diteggiature e i gambi sono rivolti nella stessa direzione: normalmente le diteggiature evitano soltanto i gambi con travature. Questa impostazione predefinita può essere cambiata in modo da evitare tutti i gambi oppure nessuno. L’esempio seguente mostra queste due opzioni, così come tornare al comportamento predefinito.
\relative c' { <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>2 \override Fingering.staff-padding = #'() <c-1 e-2 g-3 b-5>4 g'-0 a8[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##f a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = ##t a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r \override Fingering.add-stem-support = #only-if-beamed a[-1 b]-2 g-0 r }
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Page label
Page labels may be placed inside music or at top-level, and referred to in markups.
\label license \markup "This snippet is available under the Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication license." { \repeat volta 2 { \label startRepeat \repeat unfold 20 { c'2 2 } \pageBreak 2 2 } \textEndMark \markup { \with-link #'startRepeat \line { To page \page-ref #'startRepeat "0" "?" } } } \markup { See page \page-ref #'license "0" "?" for licensing information. }
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Proportional strict notespacing
If strict-note-spacing
is set spacing of notes is not influenced
by bars or clefs within a system. Rather, they are placed just before
the note that occurs at the same time. This may cause collisions.
\relative c'' << \override Score.SpacingSpanner.strict-note-spacing = ##t \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1/16) \new Staff { c8[ c \clef alto c c \grace { d16 } c8 c] c4 c2 \grace { c16[ c16] } c2 } \new Staff { c2 \tuplet 3/2 { c8 \clef bass cis,, c } c4 c1 } >>
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Dinamiche e segni testuali allineati verticalmente
Tutti gli oggetti DynamicLineSpanner
(forcelle e testi di dinamica)
sono posti a una distanza minima dal rigo determinata da 'staff-padding
.
Se si imposta 'staff-padding
su un valore abbastanza grande,
le dinamiche saranno allineate.
music = \relative c' { a'2\p b\f e4\p f\f\> g, b\p c2^\markup { \huge gorgeous } c^\markup { \huge fantastic } } { \music \break \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #3 \textLengthOn \override TextScript.staff-padding = #1 \music }
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Allineare verticalmente gli ossia e il testo vocale
Questo frammento mostra come usare le proprietà di contesto
alignBelowContext
e alignAboveContext
per
controllare il posizionamento del testo vocale e degli ossia.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c' << \new Staff = "1" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "2" { c4 c s2 } \new Staff = "3" { c4 c s2 } { \skip 2 << \lyrics { \set alignBelowContext = #"1" lyrics4 below } \new Staff \with { alignAboveContext = #"3" fontSize = #-2 \override StaffSymbol.staff-space = #(magstep -2) \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } { \tuplet 6/4 { \override TextScript.padding = #3 c8[^"ossia above" d e d e f] } } >> } >>
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MIDI
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Impostare l’output MIDI su un canale per voce
Nella creazione del file di output MIDI, il comportamento predefinito prevede che ogni rigo sia assegnato a un canale MIDI, con tutte le voci del rigo amalgamate in un canale. Ciò diminuisce il rischio di esaurire i canali MIDI disponibili, dato che ce ne sono solo 16 per traccia.
Tuttavia, spostando Staff_performer
nel contesto Voice
, ogni
voce in un rigo può avere il proprio canale MIDI, come è illustrato
nell’esempio seguente: sebbene le voci siano sullo stesso rigo, vengono
creati due canali MIDI, ciascuno con un diverso strumento MIDI
(midiInstrument
).
\score { \new Staff << \new Voice \relative c''' { \set midiInstrument = #"flute" \voiceOne \key g \major \time 2/2 r2 g-"Flute" ~ g fis ~ fis4 g8 fis e2 ~ e4 d8 cis d2 } \new Voice \relative c'' { \set midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \voiceTwo b1-"Clarinet" a2. b8 a g2. fis8 e fis2 r } >> \layout { } \midi { \context { \Staff \remove "Staff_performer" } \context { \Voice \consists "Staff_performer" } \tempo 2 = 72 } }
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Modificare il tempo senza mostrare l’indicazione metronomica
Per cambiare il tempo del file MIDI senza che appaia l’indicazione metronomica, basta renderla invisibile.
\score { \new Staff \relative c' { \tempo 4 = 160 c4 e g b c4 b d c \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t \tempo 4 = 96 d,4 fis a cis d4 cis e d } \layout { } \midi { } }
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Creare dinamiche personalizzate nell’output MIDI
L’esempio seguente mostra come creare un segno di dinamica, non incluso nell’elenco predefinito, e assegnargli un valore specifico così che possa essere usato per cambiare l’output MIDI.
Al segno di dinamica \rfz
viene assegnato il valore 0.9
.
#(define (myDynamics dynamic) (if (equal? dynamic "rfz") 0.9 (default-dynamic-absolute-volume dynamic))) \score { \new Staff { \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \set Score.dynamicAbsoluteVolumeFunction = #myDynamics \new Voice { \relative { a'4\pp b c-\rfz } } } \layout {} \midi {} }
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Customized drum notation in printed and MIDI output
Customized drum “pitch” names (suitable for a custom drum style, for
example) may be used both in printed and MIDI output by defining such
variables as drumPitchNames
, drumStyleTable
and
midiDrumPitches
, as demonstrated here. In short, this snippet:
- defines some "pitch" names,
- defines how they will be rendered,
- tells LilyPond to use them for layout,
- assigns pitches to the names,
- tells LilyPond to use them for MIDI output.
%% This snippet tries to amend %% NR 2.5.1 Common notation for percussion - Custom percussion staves %% http://lilypond.org/doc/v2.18/Documentation/notation/common-notation-for-percussion#custom-percussion-staves %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% To use custom drum pitch names for your score and midi you need to follow %% this route: %% %%%%%%%%%%%% %% LAYOUT: %%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% (1) Define a name and put it in `drumPitchNames' %% This can be done at toplevel with %% drumPitchNames.my-name = #'my-name %% It's possible to add an alias as well. %% (2) Define how it should be printed %% Therefore put them into a top-level list, where each entry should %% be of the form: %% (my-name %% note-head-style-or-default %% articulation-type-or-#f %% staff-position) %% Example: %% #(define my-style %% '( %% (my-name default tenuto -1) %% ; ... %% )) %% (3) Tell LilyPond to use these custom definitions, with %% drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table my-style) %% in a \layout or \with block %% %% Now we're done for layout. Here is a short but complete example: %% \new DrumStaff %% \with { drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table my-style) } %% \drummode { my-name } %% %%%%%%%%%%%% %% MIDI: %%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% (1) Again at top-level, assign a pitch to your custom note name %% midiDrumPitches.my-name = ges %% Note that you have to use the name, which is in drumPitchNames, no alias %% (2) Tell LilyPond to use this pitch(es), with %% drumPitchTable = #(alist->hash-table midiDrumPitches) %% %% Example: %% \score { %% \new DrumStaff %% \with { %% drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table my-style) %% drumPitchTable = #(alist->hash-table midiDrumPitches) %% } %% \drummode { my-name4 } %% \layout {} %% \midi {} %% } %% %%%%%%%%%%%% %% TESTING %%%%%%%%%%%% %% %% To test whether all is fine, run the following sequence in terminal: %% lilypond my-file.ly %% midi2ly my-file.midi %% gedit my-file-midi.ly %% %% This will do the following: %% 1. create pdf and midi %% 2. transform the midi back to a .ly-file %% (note: midi2ly is not always good in correctly identifying enharmonic pitches) %% 3. open this file in gedit (or use another editor) %% Now watch what you've got. %% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% %% FULL EXAMPLE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% drumPitchNames.dbass = #'dbass drumPitchNames.dba = #'dbass % 'db is in use already drumPitchNames.dbassmute = #'dbassmute drumPitchNames.dbm = #'dbassmute drumPitchNames.do = #'dopen drumPitchNames.dopenmute = #'dopenmute drumPitchNames.dom = #'dopenmute drumPitchNames.dslap = #'dslap drumPitchNames.ds = #'dslap drumPitchNames.dslapmute = #'dslapmute drumPitchNames.dsm = #'dslapmute #(define djembe '((dbass default #f -2) (dbassmute default stopped -2) (dopen default #f 0) (dopenmute default stopped 0) (dslap default #f 2) (dslapmute default stopped 2))) midiDrumPitches.dbass = g midiDrumPitches.dbassmute = fis midiDrumPitches.dopen = a midiDrumPitches.dopenmute = gis midiDrumPitches.dslap = b midiDrumPitches.dslapmute = ais one = \drummode { r4 dba4 do ds r dbm dom dsm } \score { \new DrumStaff \with { \override StaffSymbol.line-count = #3 instrumentName = #"Djembe " drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table djembe) drumPitchTable = #(alist->hash-table midiDrumPitches) } \one \layout {} \midi {} }
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Demo MidiInstruments
Problem: How to know which midiInstrument
would be best for your
composition?
Solution: A LilyPond demo file.
\header { title = "Demo of all midi sounds" arranger = "Myself " } baseMelody = \relative c' { c4.\mf g c16 b' c d e16 d e f g4 g'4 r R1 } melody = { \tempo 4 = 150 \baseMelody } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice \melody >> \layout { } } \score { \new Staff << \new Voice { r\mf \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic grand" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bright acoustic" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric grand" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"honky-tonk" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric piano 1" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric piano 2" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"harpsichord" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clav" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"celesta" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"glockenspiel" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"music box" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"vibraphone" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"marimba" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"xylophone" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"tubular bells" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"dulcimer" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"drawbar organ" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"percussive organ" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"rock organ" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"church organ" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"reed organ" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"accordion" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"harmonica" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"concertina" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic guitar (nylon)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic guitar (steel)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric guitar (jazz)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric guitar (clean)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric guitar (muted)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"overdriven guitar" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"distorted guitar" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"acoustic bass" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric bass (finger)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"electric bass (pick)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fretless bass" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"slap bass 1" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"slap bass 2" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synth bass 1" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synth bass 2" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"violin" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"viola" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"cello" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"contrabass" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"tremolo strings" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pizzicato strings" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"orchestral harp" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"timpani" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"string ensemble 1" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"string ensemble 2" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synthstrings 1" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synthstrings 2" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"choir aahs" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"voice oohs" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synth voice" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"orchestra hit" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"trumpet" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"trombone" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"tuba" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"muted trumpet" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"french horn" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"brass section" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synthbrass 1" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synthbrass 2" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"soprano sax" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"alto sax" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"tenor sax" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"baritone sax" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"oboe" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"english horn" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bassoon" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"clarinet" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"piccolo" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"flute" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"recorder" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pan flute" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"blown bottle" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"shakuhachi" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"whistle" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"ocarina" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 1 (square)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 2 (sawtooth)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 3 (calliope)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 4 (chiff)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 5 (charang)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 6 (voice)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 7 (fifths)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"lead 8 (bass+lead)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 1 (new age)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 2 (warm)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 3 (polysynth)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 4 (choir)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 5 (bowed)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 6 (metallic)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 7 (halo)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"pad 8 (sweep)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 1 (rain)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 2 (soundtrack)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 3 (crystal)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 4 (atmosphere)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 5 (brightness)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 6 (goblins)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 7 (echoes)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fx 8 (sci-fi)" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"sitar" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"banjo" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"shamisen" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"koto" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"kalimba" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bagpipe" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"fiddle" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"shanai" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"tinkle bell" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"agogo" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"steel drums" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"woodblock" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"taiko drum" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"melodic tom" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"synth drum" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"reverse cymbal" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"guitar fret noise" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"breath noise" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"seashore" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"bird tweet" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"telephone ring" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"helicopter" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"applause" \melody \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"gunshot" \melody } >> \midi { } }
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Modificare l’equalizzazione predefinita degli strumenti MIDI
L’equalizzatore predefinito degli strumenti MIDI può essere modificato
impostando la proprietà instrumentEqualizer
nel contesto Score
come una procedura Scheme definita dall’utente che usi il nome dello strumento
MIDI come argomento insieme a una coppia di frazioni indicanti i volumi
minimi e massimi da applicare a quello specifico strumento.
L’esempio seguente imposta i volumi massimo e minimo per il flauto e per il clarintetto.
#(define my-instrument-equalizer-alist '()) #(set! my-instrument-equalizer-alist (append '( ("flute" . (0.7 . 0.9)) ("clarinet" . (0.3 . 0.6))) my-instrument-equalizer-alist)) #(define (my-instrument-equalizer s) (let ((entry (assoc s my-instrument-equalizer-alist))) (if entry (cdr entry)))) \score { << \new Staff { \key g \major \time 2/2 \set Score.instrumentEqualizer = #my-instrument-equalizer \set Staff.midiInstrument = "flute" \new Voice \relative { r2 g''\mp g fis~ 4 g8 fis e2~ 4 d8 cis d2 } } \new Staff { \key g \major \set Staff.midiInstrument = "clarinet" \new Voice \relative { b'1\p a2. b8 a g2. fis8 e fis2 r } } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Templates
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Modello per notazione antica – trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana
Questo esempio mostra come realizzare una trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana. La musica gregoriana non presenta la suddivisione in misure né gambi; impiega soltanto le teste della minima e della semiminima, e dei segni appositi che indicano pause di diversa lunghezza.
\include "gregorian.ly" chant = \relative c' { \set Score.timing = ##f f4 a2 \divisioMinima g4 b a2 f2 \divisioMaior g4( f) f( g) a2 \finalis } verba = \lyricmode { Lo -- rem ip -- sum do -- lor sit a -- met } \score { \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff << \new GregorianTranscriptionVoice = "melody" \chant \new GregorianTranscriptionLyrics = "one" \lyricsto melody \verba >> }
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Modello per salmo anglicano
Questo modello presenta un modo per impostare un salmo anglicano. Mostra anche come le strofe possano essere aggiunte come testo separato al di sotto della musica. Le due strofe sono scritte con stili diversi per illustrare le varie possibilità.
SopranoMusic = \relative g' { g1 | c2 b | a1 | \bar "||" a1 | d2 c | c b | c1 | \bar "||" } AltoMusic = \relative c' { e1 | g2 g | f1 | f1 | f2 e | d d | e1 | } TenorMusic = \relative a { c1 | c2 c | c1 | d1 | g,2 g | g g | g1 | } BassMusic = \relative c { c1 | e2 e | f1 | d1 | b2 c | g' g | c,1 | } global = { \time 2/2 } dot = \markup { \raise #0.7 \musicglyph "dots.dot" } tick = \markup { \raise #1 \fontsize #-5 \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" } % Use markup to center the chant on the page \markup { \fill-line { \score { % centered << \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff << \global \clef "treble" \new Voice = "Soprano" << \voiceOne \SopranoMusic >> \new Voice = "Alto" << \voiceTwo \AltoMusic >> >> \new Staff << \clef "bass" \global \new Voice = "Tenor" << \voiceOne \TenorMusic >> \new Voice = "Bass" << \voiceTwo \BassMusic >> >> >> >> \layout { \context { \Score \override SpacingSpanner.base-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1/2) } \context { \Staff \remove "Time_signature_engraver" } } } % End score } } % End markup \markup { \fill-line { \column { \left-align { \null \null \null \line { \fontsize #5 O \fontsize #3 come let us \bold sing | unto \dot the | Lord : let } \line { us heartily \concat { re \bold joice } in the | strength of | our } \line { sal | vation. } \null \line { \hspace #2.5 8. Today if ye will hear his voice * } \line { \concat { \bold hard en } \tick not your \tick hearts : as in the pro- } \line { vocation * and as in the \bold day of tempt- \tick } \line { -ation \tick in the \tick wilderness. } } } } }
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Modello per inno
Il codice seguente presenta un modo di impostare un inno in cui ogni verso inizia e finisce con una misura parziale. Mostra anche come aggiungere delle strofe come testo separato sotto la musica.
Timeline = { \time 4/4 \tempo 4=96 \partial 2 s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \caesura \break s2 | s1 | s2 \breathe s2 | s1 | s2 \fine } SopranoMusic = \relative g' { g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 } AltoMusic = \relative c' { d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2 d4 d | d d d d | d d d d | d d d d | d2 } TenorMusic = \relative a { b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2 b4 b | b b b b | b b b b | b b b b | b2 } BassMusic = \relative g { g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 g4 g | g g g g | g g g g | g g g g | g2 } global = { \key g \major } \score { % Start score << \new PianoStaff << % Start pianostaff \new Staff << % Start Staff = RH \global \clef "treble" \new Voice = "Soprano" << % Start Voice = "Soprano" \Timeline \voiceOne \SopranoMusic >> % End Voice = "Soprano" \new Voice = "Alto" << % Start Voice = "Alto" \Timeline \voiceTwo \AltoMusic >> % End Voice = "Alto" >> % End Staff = RH \new Staff << % Start Staff = LH \global \clef "bass" \new Voice = "Tenor" << % Start Voice = "Tenor" \Timeline \voiceOne \TenorMusic >> % End Voice = "Tenor" \new Voice = "Bass" << % Start Voice = "Bass" \Timeline \voiceTwo \BassMusic >> % End Voice = "Bass" >> % End Staff = LH >> % End pianostaff >> } % End score \markup { \fill-line { "" { \column { \left-align { "This is line one of the first verse" "This is line two of the same" "And here's line three of the first verse" "And the last line of the same" } } } "" } } \layout { \context { \Score caesuraType = #'((bar-line . "||")) fineBarType = "||" } } \paper { % Start paper block indent = 0 % don't indent first system line-width = 130 % shorten line length to suit music } % End paper block
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Modello per combo jazz
Ecco un modello piuttosto complesso, per un gruppo jazz. Si noti che tutti
gli strumenti sono in \key c \major
. Si tratta della tonalità
reale; sarà trasposta automaticamente includendo la
musica all’interno di una sezione \transpose
.
\header { title = "Song" subtitle = "(tune)" composer = "Me" meter = "moderato" piece = "Swing" tagline = \markup { \column { "LilyPond example file by Amelie Zapf," "Berlin 07/07/2003" } } } % To make the example display in the documentation \paper { paper-width = 130 } %#(set-global-staff-size 16) \include "english.ly" %%%%%%%%%%%% Some macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% sl = { \override NoteHead.style = #'slash \hide Stem } nsl = { \revert NoteHead.style \undo \hide Stem } crOn = \override NoteHead.style = #'cross crOff = \revert NoteHead.style %% insert chord name style stuff here. jazzChords = { } %%%%%%%%%%%% Keys'n'thangs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% global = { \time 4/4 } Key = { \key c \major } % ############ Horns ############ % ------ Trumpet ------ trpt = \transpose c d \relative c'' { \Key c1 | c | c | } trpHarmony = \transpose c' d { \jazzChords } trumpet = { \global \clef treble << \trpt >> } % ------ Alto Saxophone ------ alto = \transpose c a \relative c' { \Key c1 | c | c | } altoHarmony = \transpose c' a { \jazzChords } altoSax = { \global \clef treble << \alto >> } % ------ Baritone Saxophone ------ bari = \transpose c a' \relative c { \Key c1 c1 \sl d4^"Solo" d d d \nsl } bariHarmony = \transpose c' a \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 s d2:maj e:m7 } bariSax = { \global \clef treble << \bari >> } % ------ Trombone ------ tbone = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } tboneHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords } trombone = { \global \clef bass << \tbone >> } % ############ Rhythm Section ############# % ------ Guitar ------ gtr = \relative c'' { \Key c1 \sl b4 b b b \nsl c1 } gtrHarmony = \chordmode { \jazzChords s1 c2:min7+ d2:maj9 } guitar = { \global \clef treble << \gtr >> } %% ------ Piano ------ rhUpper = \relative c'' { \voiceOne \Key c1 | c | c } rhLower = \relative c' { \voiceTwo \Key e1 | e | e } lhUpper = \relative c' { \voiceOne \Key g1 | g | g } lhLower = \relative c { \voiceTwo \Key c1 | c | c } PianoRH = { \clef treble \global << \new Voice = "one" \rhUpper \new Voice = "two" \rhLower >> } PianoLH = { \clef bass \global << \new Voice = "one" \lhUpper \new Voice = "two" \lhLower >> } piano = { << \new Staff = "upper" \PianoRH \new Staff = "lower" \PianoLH >> } % ------ Bass Guitar ------ Bass = \relative c { \Key c1 | c | c } bass = { \global \clef bass << \Bass >> } % ------ Drums ------ up = \drummode { \voiceOne hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> hh4 <hh sn> hh <hh sn> } down = \drummode { \voiceTwo bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s bd4 s bd s } drumContents = { \global << \new DrumVoice \up \new DrumVoice \down >> } %%%%%%%%% It All Goes Together Here %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \score { << \new StaffGroup = "horns" << \new Staff = "trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \trumpet \new Staff = "altosax" \with { instrumentName = "Alto Sax" } \altoSax \new ChordNames = "barichords" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet" } \bariHarmony \new Staff = "barisax" \with { instrumentName = "Bari Sax" } \bariSax \new Staff = "trombone" \with { instrumentName = "Trombone" } \trombone >> \new StaffGroup = "rhythm" << \new ChordNames = "chords" \gtrHarmony \new Staff = "guitar" \with { instrumentName = "Guitar" } \guitar \new PianoStaff = "piano" \with { instrumentName = "Piano" midiInstrument = "acoustic grand" } \piano \new Staff = "bass" \with { instrumentName = "Bass" } \bass \new DrumStaff \with { instrumentName = "Drums" } \drumContents >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } \context { \Score \override BarNumber.padding = #3 \override RehearsalMark.padding = #2 skipBars = ##t } } \midi { } }
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Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
Questo modello mostra come usare i contesti annidati StaffGroup
e
GrandStaff
per creare sottogruppi degli strumenti dello stesso
tipo. Mostra anche come usare \transpose
in modo che le variabili
mantengano la musica per gli strumenti traspositori nell’intonazione reale.
#(set-global-staff-size 17) \paper { indent = 3.0\cm % add space for instrumentName short-indent = 1.5\cm % add less space for shortInstrumentName } fluteMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } % Pitches as written on a manuscript for Clarinet in A % are transposed to concert pitch. clarinetMusic = \transpose c' a \relative c'' { \key bes \major bes1 d } trumpetMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } % Key signature is often omitted for horns hornMusic = \transpose c' f \relative c { d'1 fis } percussionMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g1 b } sopranoMusic = \relative c'' { \key g \major g'1 b } sopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { Lyr -- ics } altoIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } altoILyrics = \sopranoLyrics altoIILyrics = \lyricmode { Ah -- ah } tenorMusic = \relative c' { \clef "treble_8" \key g \major g1 b } tenorLyrics = \sopranoLyrics pianoRHMusic = \relative c { \key g \major g''1 b } pianoLHMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } violinIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violinIIMusic = \relative c' { \key g \major g'1 b } violaMusic = \relative c { \clef alto \key g \major g'1 b } celloMusic = \relative c { \clef bass \key g \major g1 b } bassMusic = \relative c { \clef "bass_8" \key g \major g,1 b } \score { << \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_woodwinds" << \new Staff = "Staff_flute" \with { instrumentName = "Flute" } \fluteMusic \new Staff = "Staff_clarinet" \with { instrumentName = \markup { \concat { "Clarinet in B" \flat } } } % Declare that written Middle C in the music % to follow sounds a concert B flat, for % output using sounded pitches such as MIDI. %\transposition bes % Print music for a B-flat clarinet \transpose bes c' \clarinetMusic >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_brass" << \new Staff = "Staff_hornI" \with { instrumentName = "Horn in F" } % \transposition f \transpose f c' \hornMusic \new Staff = "Staff_trumpet" \with { instrumentName = "Trumpet in C" } \trumpetMusic >> \new RhythmicStaff = "RhythmicStaff_percussion" \with { instrumentName = "Percussion" } << \percussionMusic >> \new PianoStaff \with { instrumentName = "Piano" } << \new Staff { \pianoRHMusic } \new Staff { \pianoLHMusic } >> \new ChoirStaff = "ChoirStaff_choir" << \new Staff = "Staff_soprano" \with { instrumentName = "Soprano" } \new Voice = "soprano" \sopranoMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" { \sopranoLyrics } \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_altos" \with { \accepts Lyrics } << \new Staff = "Staff_altoI" \with { instrumentName = "Alto I" } \new Voice = "altoI" \altoIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoI" { \altoILyrics } \new Staff = "Staff_altoII" \with { instrumentName = "Alto II" } \new Voice = "altoII" \altoIIMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altoII" { \altoIILyrics } >> \new Staff = "Staff_tenor" \with { instrumentName = "Tenor" } \new Voice = "tenor" \tenorMusic \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" { \tenorLyrics } >> \new StaffGroup = "StaffGroup_strings" << \new GrandStaff = "GrandStaff_violins" << \new Staff = "Staff_violinI" \with { instrumentName = "Violin I" } \violinIMusic \new Staff = "Staff_violinII" \with { instrumentName = "Violin II" } \violinIIMusic >> \new Staff = "Staff_viola" \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } \violaMusic \new Staff = "Staff_cello" \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } \celloMusic \new Staff = "Staff_bass" \with { instrumentName = "Double Bass" } \bassMusic >> >> \layout { } }
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Modello per pianoforte (semplice)
Ecco un comune doppio pentagramma per pianoforte con un po’ di note.
upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } \score { \new PianoStaff \with { instrumentName = "Piano" } << \new Staff = "upper" \upper \new Staff = "lower" \lower >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per pianoforte con testo al centro
Invece di destinare un rigo a parte alla linea melodica e al suo testo, è possibile collocare il testo al centro di un doppio pentagramma per pianoforte.
upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } \score { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = upper { \new Voice = "singer" \upper } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "singer" \text \new Staff = lower { \lower } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per pianoforte con melodia e testo
Ecco un tipico formato per canzoni: un rigo con linea melodica e testo, e sotto l’accompagnamento per pianoforte.
melody = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } upper = \relative c'' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } lower = \relative c { \clef bass \key c \major \time 4/4 a2 c } \score { << \new Voice = "mel" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto mel \text \new PianoStaff << \new Staff = "upper" \upper \new Staff = "lower" \lower >> >> \layout { \context { \Staff \RemoveEmptyStaves } } \midi { } }
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Modello per coro SATB - quattro righi
Modello per coro SATB (quattro righi)
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 \dynamicUp } sopranonotes = \relative c'' { c2 \p \< d c d \f } sopranowords = \lyricmode { do do do do } altonotes = \relative c'' { c2\p d c d } altowords = \lyricmode { re re re re } tenornotes = { \clef "G_8" c2\mp d c d } tenorwords = \lyricmode { mi mi mi mi } bassnotes = { \clef bass c2\mf d c d } basswords = \lyricmode { mi mi mi mi } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff << \new Voice = "soprano" << \global \sopranonotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "soprano" \sopranowords >> \new Staff << \new Voice = "alto" << \global \altonotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alto" \altowords >> \new Staff << \new Voice = "tenor" << \global \tenornotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "tenor" \tenorwords >> \new Staff << \new Voice = "bass" << \global \bassnotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "bass" \basswords >> >> }
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Score for diatonic accordion
A template to write a score for a diatonic accordion.
- There is a horizontal staff indicating if the accordion must be pushed (thick line) or pulled (thin line)
- There is a small rhythmic staff with lyrics that describes the bass buttons to press. The bar lines are made from gridlines
- The tabulator staff for diatonic accordions shows the geographic position of the buttons and not (as for every other instrument) the pitch of the notes; the keys on the melody-side of the accordion are placed in three columns and about 12 rows
In the tabulator staff notation the outermost column is described with notes between lines, the innermost column is described with notes between lines and a cross as accidental, and the middle column is described with notes on a line, whereby the row in the middle is represented on the middle line in the staff.
Some words to transpose piano notes to the diatonic accordion:
1. Every diatonic accordion is built for some keys only (for example,
for the keys of C major and F major), so it is important to transpose a
piano melody to match one of these keys. Transpose the source code, not
only the output because this code is required later on to translate it
once more to the tabulator staff. This can be done with the command
displayLilyMusic
.
2. You have to alternate the push- and pull-direction of the accordion regularly. If the player has a too long part to pull the accordion gets broken. On the other hand, some harmonies are only available in one direction. Considering this, decide which parts of the melody are the push-parts and which the pull-parts.
3. For each pull- or push-part translate the piano notes to the according tabulature representation.
verse = \lyricmode { Wie gross bist du! Wie gross bist du! } harmonies = \new ChordNames \chordmode { \germanChords \set chordChanges = ##t bes8 bes8 bes8 es2 f bes1 } NoStem = { \hide Stem } NoNoteHead = \hide NoteHead ZeroBeam = \override Beam.positions = #'(0 . 0) staffTabLine = \new Staff \with { \remove "Time_signature_engraver" \remove "Clef_engraver" } { \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'(0) % Shows one horizontal line. The vertical line % (simulating a bar-line) is simulated with a gridline \set Staff.midiInstrument = #"choir aahs" \key c \major \relative c'' { % disable the following line to see the noteheads while writing the song \NoNoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t % The beam between 8th-notes is used to draw the push-line %How to fast write the push-lines: % 1. write repeatedly 'c c c c c c c c |' for the whole length of the song % 2. uncomment the line \NoNoteHead % 3. compile % 4. Mark the positions on which push/pull changes. % In the score-picture click on the position % the push- or pull-part starts % (on the noteHead, the cursor will change to a hand-icon). % The cursor in the source code will jump just at this position. % a) If a push-part starts there, replace the 'c' by an 'e[' % b) If a pull-part starts there, replace the 'c' by an 's' % 5. Switch into 'overwrite-mode' by pressing the 'ins' key. % 6. For the pull-parts overwrite the 'c' with 's' % 7. For every push-part replace the last 'c' with 'e]' % 8. Switch into 'insert-mode' again % 9. At last it should look like e.g. % (s s e[ c | c c c c c c c c | c c c c c c e] s s) % 10. re-enable the line \NoNoteHead \autoBeamOff \ZeroBeam s8 s s e[ c c c c c c e] | s s s s s } } % Accordion melody in tabulator score % 1. Place a copy of the piano melody below % 2. Separate piano melody into pull- and push-parts % according to the staffTabLine you've already made % 3. For each line: Double the line. Remark the 1st one % (Keeps unchanged as reference) and then change the second % line using the transformation paper % or the macros 'conv2diaton push.bsh' and 'conv2diaton pull.bsh' % Tips: % - In jEdit Search & Replace mark the Option 'Keep Dialog' AccordionTabTwoCBesDur = { % pull 1 %<f' bes'>8 <f' a'>8 <d' bes'>8 | <g'' a''>8 <g'' b''>8 <e'' a''>8 | % push 2 %<g' c''>4 <f' d''> <g' ees''> <f' a'> | <g'' a''>4 <d'' eisis''> <g'' bisis''> <d'' f''> | % pull 3 % <f' bes'>2 r8 } <g'' a''>2 r8 } AccordionTab= { \dynamicUp % 1. Place a copy of the piano melody above % 2. Separate piano melody into pull- and push-parts % according to the staffTabLine you've already made % 3. For each line: Double the line. Remark the 1st one % (Keeps unchanged as reference) and then % change the second line using the transformation paper % Tips: % - In jEdit Search & Replace mark the Option 'Keep Dialog' % - \AccordionTabTwoCBesDur } \layout { \context { \Score % The vertical line (simulating a bar-line) in % the staffBassRhythm is a gridline \consists "Grid_line_span_engraver" } \context { \Staff \consists "Grid_point_engraver" gridInterval = #(ly:make-moment 4/4) % 4/4 - tact. How many beats per bar % The following line has to be adjusted O-F-T-E-N. \override GridPoint.Y-extent = #'(-2 . -21) } \context { \ChoirStaff \remove "System_start_delimiter_engraver" } } staffVoice = \new Staff = astaffvoice { \time 4/4 \set Staff.instrumentName = "Voice" \set Staff.midiInstrument = "voice oohs" \key bes \major \partial 8*3 \clef treble { \context Voice = "melodyVoi" { <f' bes'>8 <f' a'>8 <d' bes'>8 | <g' c''>4 <f' d''> <g' es''> <f' a'> | <f' bes'>2 r8 } \bar "|." } } staffAccordionMel = \new Staff \with { \remove "Clef_engraver" } { \accidentalStyle forget %Set the accidentals (Vorzeichen) for each note, %do not remember them for the rest of the measure. \time 4/4 \set Staff.instrumentName="Accordion" \set Staff.midiInstrument="voice oohs" \key c \major \clef treble { \AccordionTab \bar "|." } } AltOn = #(define-music-function (mag) (number?) #{ \override Stem.length = #(* 7.0 mag) \override NoteHead.font-size = #(inexact->exact (* (/ 6.0 (log 2.0)) (log mag))) #}) AltOff = { \revert Stem.length \revert NoteHead.font-size } BassRhythm = {s4 s8 | c2 c2 | c2 s8 } LyricBassRhythmI= \lyricmode { c b | c } staffBassRhythm = \new Staff = staffbass \with { \remove "Clef_engraver" } { % This is not a RhythmicStaff because it must be possible to append lyrics. \override Score.GridLine.extra-offset = #'( 13.0 . 0.0 ) % x.y \override Staff.StaffSymbol.line-positions = #'( 0 ) % Shows one horizontal line. The vertical line % (simulating a bar-line) is simulated by a grid % Search for 'grid' in this page to find all related functions \time 4/4 { \context Voice = "VoiceBassRhythm" \stemDown \AltOn #0.6 \relative c'' { \BassRhythm } \AltOff \bar "|." } } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \harmonies \staffVoice \context Lyrics = "lmelodyVoi" \with { alignBelowContext = astaffvoice } \lyricsto melodyVoi \verse \staffAccordionMel \staffTabLine \staffBassRhythm \context Lyrics = "lBassRhythmAboveI" \with { alignAboveContext = staffbass } \lyricsto VoiceBassRhythm \LyricBassRhythmI >> }
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Modello di rigo singolo con note, testo e accordi
Ecco il modello di un comune spartito semplificato (lead sheet): include linea melodica, testo vocale e sigle degli accordi.
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } harmonies = \chordmode { a2 c } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Voice = "one" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets
Here is a simple lead sheet template with melody, lyrics, chords and fret diagrams.
verseI = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"1." This is the first verse } verseII = \lyricmode { \set stanza = #"2." This is the second verse. } theChords = \chordmode { % insert chords for chordnames and fretboards here c2 g4 c } staffMelody = \relative c' { \key c \major \clef treble % Type notes for melody here c4 d8 e f4 g \bar "|." } \score { << \context ChordNames { \theChords } \context FretBoards { \theChords } \new Staff { \context Voice = "voiceMelody" { \staffMelody } } \new Lyrics = "lyricsI" { \lyricsto "voiceMelody" \verseI } \new Lyrics = "lyricsII" { \lyricsto "voiceMelody" \verseII } >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello di rigo singolo con note e accordi
Vuoi preparare uno spartito semplificato (lead sheet) con melodia e accordi? La tua ricerca è finita!
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 f4 e8[ c] d4 g a2 ~ a } harmonies = \chordmode { c4:m f:min7 g:maj c:aug d2:dim b4:5 e:sus } \score { << \new ChordNames { \set chordChanges = ##t \harmonies } \new Staff \melody >> \layout{ } \midi { } }
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Modello di rigo singolo con note e testo
Questo piccolo modello presenta una semplice linea melodica con un testo. Copialo e incollalo, aggiungi le note e le parole. Questo esempio disabilita la disposizione automatica delle travature, come è consuetudine per le parti vocali. Per usare la disposizione automatica delle travature, cambia o commenta la relativa linea di codice.
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } text = \lyricmode { Aaa Bee Cee Dee } \score{ << \new Voice = "one" { \autoBeamOff \melody } \new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" \text >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello di rigo singolo con solo note
Questo modello molto semplice mette a disposizione un rigo con delle note ed è quindi adatto per uno strumento non accompagnato o per un frammento melodico. Copialo e incollalo in un file, aggiungi le note e hai finito!
melody = \relative c' { \clef treble \key c \major \time 4/4 a4 b c d } \score { \new Staff \melody \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per quartetto d’archi (semplice)
Questo modello presenta un semplice quartetto d’archi. Impiega anche una
sezione \global
per definire il tempo e l’armatura di chiave.
global= { \time 4/4 \key c \major } violinOne = \new Voice \relative c'' { c2 d e1 \bar "|." } violinTwo = \new Voice \relative c'' { g2 f e1 \bar "|." } viola = \new Voice \relative c' { \clef alto e2 d c1 \bar "|." } cello = \new Voice \relative c' { \clef bass c2 b a1 \bar "|." } \score { \new StaffGroup << \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 1" } << \global \violinOne >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 2" } << \global \violinTwo >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } << \global \viola >> \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } << \global \cello >> >> \layout { } \midi { } }
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Modello per quartetto d’archi con parti separate
Il frammento di codice del “Modello per quartetto d’archi” crea un bel
quartetto, ma cosa fare se si ha bisogno di creare le singole parti? Questo
nuovo modello mostra come usare la funzionalità \tag
per dividere
facilmente un pezzo in parti staccate.
Occorre dividere questo modello in file separati; i nomi dei file sono
indicati nei commenti all’inizio di ogni file. piece.ly
contiene tutte le definizioni musicali. Gli altri file – score.ly
,
vn1.ly
, vn2.ly
, vla.ly
e vlc.ly
–
creano ciascuna parte.
Non dimenticare di togliere i commenti quando usi i file separati!
%%%%% piece.ly %%%%% (This is the global definitions file) global= { \time 4/4 \key c \major } Violinone = \new Voice { \relative c'' { c2 d e1 \bar "|." } } Violintwo = \new Voice { \relative c'' { g2 f e1 \bar "|." } } Viola = \new Voice { \relative c' { \clef alto e2 d c1 \bar "|." } } Cello = \new Voice { \relative c' { \clef bass c2 b a1 \bar "|." } } music = { << \tag #'score \tag #'vn1 \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 1" } << \global \Violinone >> \tag #'score \tag #'vn2 \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Violin 2" } << \global \Violintwo>> \tag #'score \tag #'vla \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Viola" } << \global \Viola>> \tag #'score \tag #'vlc \new Staff \with { instrumentName = "Cello" } << \global \Cello >> >> } % These are the other files you need to save on your computer % score.ly % (This is the main file) % uncomment the line below when using a separate file %\include "piece.ly" #(set-global-staff-size 14) \score { \new StaffGroup \keepWithTag #'score \music \layout { } \midi { } } %{ Uncomment this block when using separate files % vn1.ly % (This is the Violin 1 part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vn1 \music \layout { } } % vn2.ly % (This is the Violin 2 part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vn2 \music \layout { } } % vla.ly % (This is the Viola part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vla \music \layout { } } % vlc.ly % (This is the Cello part file) \include "piece.ly" \score { \keepWithTag #'vlc \music \layout { } } %}
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Modello per complesso vocale
Ecco una tipica partitura corale a quattro parti, SATB. Se il complesso è più ampio, è spesso comodo scrivere gli elementi comuni in un’unica sezione, che verrà poi inclusa in tutte le parti. Ad esempio, l’indicazione di tempo e l’armatura di chiave sono quasi sempre le stesse per tutte le parti. Come nel modello dell’“Inno”, le quattro voci sono ripartite in due soli righi.
\paper { top-system-spacing.basic-distance = #10 score-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 last-bottom-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative { c''4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative { e'4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with { % this is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with { % this is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "basses" \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con riduzione per pianoforte automatica
Questo modello aggiunge una riduzione automatica per pianoforte alla tipica
partitura vocale SATB illustrata in “Modello per complesso vocale”. Si
dimostra così uno dei punti di forza di LilyPond – è possibile usare una
definizione musicale più di una volta. Qualsiasi modifica venga fatta alle note
delle voci (ad esempio, tenorMusic
) verrà applicata anche alla riduzione
per pianoforte.
\paper { top-system-spacing.basic-distance = #10 score-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 system-system-spacing.basic-distance = #20 last-bottom-spacing.basic-distance = #10 } global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative { c''4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative { e'4 f d e } altoWords =\lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { << \new ChoirStaff << \new Lyrics = "sopranos" \with { % This is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "altos" \new Lyrics = "tenors" \with { % This is needed for lyrics above a staff \override VerticalAxisGroup.staff-affinity = #DOWN } \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics = "basses" \context Lyrics = "sopranos" \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \context Lyrics = "altos" \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \context Lyrics = "tenors" \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \context Lyrics = "basses" \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> \new PianoStaff << \new Staff << \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f \partCombine << \global \sopMusic >> << \global \altoMusic >> >> \new Staff << \clef bass \set Staff.printPartCombineTexts = ##f \partCombine << \global \tenorMusic >> << \global \bassMusic >> >> >> >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
Questo modello è fondamentalmente analogo al semplice modello “Complesso vocale”,
con l’unica differenza che qui tutti i versi del testo sono posizionati
usando alignAboveContext
e alignBelowContext
.
global = { \key c \major \time 4/4 } sopMusic = \relative c'' { c4 c c8[( b)] c4 } sopWords = \lyricmode { hi hi hi hi } altoMusic = \relative c' { e4 f d e } altoWords = \lyricmode { ha ha ha ha } tenorMusic = \relative c' { g4 a f g } tenorWords = \lyricmode { hu hu hu hu } bassMusic = \relative c { c4 c g c } bassWords = \lyricmode { ho ho ho ho } \score { \new ChoirStaff << \new Staff = "women" << \new Voice = "sopranos" { \voiceOne << \global \sopMusic >> } \new Voice = "altos" { \voiceTwo << \global \altoMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "sopranos" \sopWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"women" } \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords % we could remove the line about this with the line below, since % we want the alto lyrics to be below the alto Voice anyway. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "altos" \altoWords \new Staff = "men" << \clef bass \new Voice = "tenors" { \voiceOne << \global \tenorMusic >> } \new Voice = "basses" { \voiceTwo << \global \bassMusic >> } >> \new Lyrics \with { alignAboveContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "tenors" \tenorWords \new Lyrics \with { alignBelowContext = #"men" } \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords % again, we could replace the line above this with the line below. % \new Lyrics \lyricsto "basses" \bassWords >> }
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Modello per gruppo vocale con strofa e ritornello
Questo modello crea una partitura che inizia con una sezione solistica e
prosegue in un ritornello a due voci. Illustra anche l’uso delle
pause spaziatrici all’interno della variabile \global
per definire
i cambi di tempo (e altri elementi comuni a tutte le parti) nel corso di
tutta la partitura.
global = { \key g \major % verse \time 3/4 s2.*2 \break % refrain \time 2/4 s2*2 \bar "|." } SoloNotes = \relative g' { \clef "treble" % verse g4 g g | b4 b b | % refrain R2*2 | } SoloLyrics = \lyricmode { One two three | four five six | } SopranoNotes = \relative c'' { \clef "treble" % verse R2.*2 | % refrain c4 c | g4 g | } SopranoLyrics = \lyricmode { la la | la la | } BassNotes = \relative c { \clef "bass" % verse R2.*2 | % refrain c4 e | d4 d | } BassLyrics = \lyricmode { dum dum | dum dum | } \score { << \new Voice = "SoloVoice" << \global \SoloNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SoloVoice" \SoloLyrics \new ChoirStaff << \new Voice = "SopranoVoice" << \global \SopranoNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "SopranoVoice" \SopranoLyrics \new Voice = "BassVoice" << \global \BassNotes >> \new Lyrics \lyricsto "BassVoice" \BassLyrics >> >> \layout { ragged-right = ##t \context { \Staff % these lines prevent empty staves from being printed \RemoveEmptyStaves \override VerticalAxisGroup.remove-first = ##t } } }
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Indice
- Pitches
- Un ambitus per voce
- Aggiungere un segno di ottava a una sola voce
- Teste di nota Aiken variante sottile
- Altering the length of beamed stems
- Ambitus
- Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave
- Ambitus su più voci
- Applicazione degli stili delle teste di nota in base al grado della scala
- Cambiare automaticamente la direzione del gambo della nota centrale in base alla melodia
- Changing ottava text
- Modifica dell’intervallo dell’ambitus
- Changing the interval of lines on the stave
- Clefs can be transposed by arbitrary amounts
- Coloring notes depending on their pitch
- Creating a sequence of notes on various pitches
- Creating custom key signatures
- Direction of merged ’fa’ shape note heads
- Force a cancellation natural before accidentals
- Forcing a clef symbol to be displayed
- Generating random notes
- Nascondere le alterazioni delle note con legatura di valore
- Keep change clefs full sized
- Esempio di makam
- Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava
- Armature di chiave non tradizionali
- Numeri dentro le teste di nota
- Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
- Impedire l’inserimento automatico dei bequadri supplementari
- Impedire l’inserimento dei segni di bequadro quando cambia l’armatura di chiave
- Quoting another voice with transposition
- Separating key cancellations from key signature changes
- Trasposizione delle altezze con numero minimo di alterazioni
- Turkish Makam example
- Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave
- Using autochange with more than one voice
- Rhythms
- Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms
- Adding drum parts
- Adjusting grace note spacing
- Allineare i numeri di battuta
- Note brevi alternative
- Appoggiatura or grace note before a bar line
- Automatic beam subdivisions
- Automatically change durations
- Estremità delle travature nel contesto Score
- Travature che attraversano le interruzioni di linea
- Modificare la distanza delle travature angolari
- Modificare la forma delle pause multiple
- Modifica del numero di punti di aumentazione per nota
- Modificare il tempo senza mostrare l’indicazione metronomica
- Modifica del numero del gruppo irregolare
- Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using \scaleDurations
- Notazione per canti e salmi
- Compound time signatures
- Segni per la conduzione, segni di raggruppamento della misura
- Consistently left aligned bar numbers
- Controllare la visibilità della parentesi del gruppo irregolare
- Cow and ride bell example
- Creare indicazioni metronomiche in modalità testuale
- Disegnare manualmente le legature di valore
- Engraving tremolos with floating beams
- Inserire vari gruppi irregolari usando una sola volta il comando \tuplet
- Code e punte delle travature
- Forcing rehearsal marks to start from a given letter or number
- Generating custom flags
- Ritmi di accompagnamento per chitarra
- Heavily customized polymetric time signatures
- High and Low woodblock example
- Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
- Legature di portamento con complesse strutture di tratteggio
- Manually controlling beam positions
- Merging multi-measure rests in a polyphonic part
- Modifying tuplet bracket length
- Spostare le note puntate in polifonia
- Regolazione della lunghezza delle pause multiple
- Testo a margine delle pause multiple
- Numeri non predefiniti per i gruppi irregolari
- Numbering single measure rests
- PartCombine e autoBeamOff
- Percussion example
- Consentire l’interruzione del rigo all’interno di gruppi irregolari con travature
- Positioning grace note beams at the height of normal note beams
- Posizionare gli abbellimenti con dello spazio fluttuante
- Posizionamento delle pause multiple
- Positioning opposing fermatas on a bar line
- Preventing final mark from removing final tuplet
- Mostrare i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari
- Printing bar numbers for broken measures
- Numeri di battuta racchiusi in rettangoli o cerchi
- Printing bar numbers using modulo-bar-number-visible
- Stampare i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari variabili
- Posizionare il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata sotto il rigo
- Printing music with different time signatures
- Mostrare il numero di battuta nella prima misura
- Printing tuplet brackets on the note head side
- Ridefinire le impostazioni predefinite globali degli abbellimenti
- Togliere i numeri di battuta da uno spartito
- Removing connecting bar lines on StaffGroup, PianoStaff, or GrandStaff
- Stili di pausa
- Reverting default beam endings
- Rhythmic slashes
- Skips in lyric mode
- Skips in lyric mode (2)
- Stemlets
- Travatura che segue strettamente il battito
- Suddividere le travature
- Tam-tam example
- Tambourine example
- Three-sided box
- Time signature in parentheses
- Time signature in parentheses - method 3
- Indicazione di tempo che mostra solo il numeratore (invece della frazione)
- Modificare l’aspetto degli abbellimenti di un intero brano
- User defined time signatures
- Using alternative flag styles
- Usare il gambo barrato degli abbellimenti con le teste normali
- Usare le legature di valore con un arpeggio
- Expressive marks
- Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms
- Adding parentheses around an expressive mark or chordal note
- Aggiungere i segni di tempo per i glissandi lunghi
- Cambiare la forma dei portamenti indeterminati verso il basso o verso l’alto
- Allineare le estremità delle forcelle alle direzioni di NoteColumn
- Note brevi alternative
- Asymmetric slurs
- Breathing signs
- Broken Crescendo Hairpin
- Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata
- Center text below hairpin dynamics
- Nascondere la linea di estensione per le dinamiche testuali
- Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed
- Cambiare il simbolo del segno di respiro
- Modifica del numero di punti di aumentazione per nota
- Combining dynamics with markup texts
- Glissando contemporaneo
- Controlling spanner visibility after a line break
- Controllo dell’ordine verticale degli script
- Creare un gruppetto ritardato
- Creare degli arpeggi che attraversano note appartenenti a voci diverse
- Creare degli arpeggi che attraversano il rigo del pianoforte
- Creare degli arpeggi che attraversano i righi in altri contesti
- Creating double-digit fingerings
- Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics
- Creating slurs across voices
- Creating text spanners
- Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
- Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
- Glissandi can skip grobs
- Hairpins with different line styles
- Nascondere la linea di estensione per le dinamiche testuali
- Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")
- Inserire una cesura
- Laissez vibrer ties
- Line arrows
- Legature di portamento con complesse strutture di tratteggio
- Modificare i valori predefiniti per le abbreviazioni delle articolazioni
- Moving slur positions vertically
- Spostare le estremità delle forcelle
- Positioning arpeggios
- Posizionare il testo a margine dentro le legature di portamento
- Stampare le forcelle in vari stili
- Forcelle con notazione al niente
- Posizionare il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata sotto il rigo
- Impostare il comportamento delle forcelle sulle stanghette
- Impostare la lunghezza minima delle forcelle
- Showing the same articulation above and below a note or chord
- Snap-pizzicato or Bartok pizzicato
- Usare un segno di spunta come simbolo di respiro
- Usare arpeggioBracket per rendere i divisi più visibili
- Uso delle doppie legature di portamento per gli accordi legati
- Uso della proprietà whiteout
- Vertical line as a baroque articulation mark
- Vertically aligning dynamics across multiple notes
- Repeats
- Aggiungere le parentesi delle volte a altri righi
- Centered measure numbers
- Changing the default bar lines
- Tremoli attraverso i righi
- Engraving tremolos with floating beams
- Ripetizioni con segni di percentuale isolati
- Measure counter
- Numbering groups of measures
- Visibilità del conto della ripetizione con segno percentuale
- Contatore della ripetizione con segno percentuale
- Positioning segno and coda (with line break)
- Impostare la doppia ripetizione predefinita per le volte
- Accorciare le parentesi delle volte
- Volta sotto gli accordi
- Volta multi staff
- Volta text markup using repeatCommands
- Simultaneous notes
- Voci ulteriori per evitare le collisioni
- Changing a single note’s size in a chord
- Modificare le indicazioni testuali di partCombine
- Clusters
- Combinare due parti sullo stesso rigo
- Displaying complex chords
- Forzare lo spostamento orizzonatale delle note
- Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
- Spostare le note puntate in polifonia
- Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns
- Two \partCombine pairs on one staff
- Staff notation
- Un ambitus per voce
- Adding an extra staff
- Adding an extra staff at a line break
- Adding indicators to staves which get split after a break
- Aggiungere citazioni orchestrali a una partitura vocale
- Aggiungere i segni di tempo per i glissandi lunghi
- Numeri di battuta alternativi
- Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave
- Centered measure numbers
- Changing the default bar lines
- Changing the number of lines in a staff
- Changing the staff size
- Creating blank staves
- Creating custom key signatures
- Creating double-digit fingerings
- Cross staff stems
- Mostrare la parentesi anche se c’è un solo rigo nel sistema
- Extending a TrillSpanner
- Estendere i glissandi sulle volte delle ripetizioni
- Flat Ties
- Forcing measure width to adapt to MetronomeMark’s width
- Glissandi can skip grobs
- Incipit
- Inserting score fragments above a staff, as markups
- Let TabStaff print the topmost string at bottom
- Letter tablature formatting
- Lasciare che i glissandi vadano a capo
- Rendere alcune linee del rigo più spesse delle altre
- Measure counter
- Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
- Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava
- Annidare i righi
- Armature di chiave non tradizionali
- Numbering groups of measures
- Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
- Print ChordNames with same root and different bass as slash and bass-note
- Putting lyrics inside the staff
- Quoting another voice
- Quoting another voice with transposition
- Removing brace on first line of piano score
- Eliminare la prima linea vuota
- Setting system separators
- Tick bar lines
- Time signature in parentheses
- Time signature in parentheses - method 3
- Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave
- Two \partCombine pairs on one staff
- Usare una parentesi quadra all’inizio di un gruppo di righi
- Using autochange with more than one voice
- Using marklines in a Frenched score
- Vertical aligned StaffGroups without connecting SystemStartBar
- Volta sotto gli accordi
- Volta multi staff
- Editorial annotations
- Adding fingerings to a score
- Adding links to objects
- Adding markups in a tablature
- Far sì che la diteggiatura appaia dentro il rigo
- Numeri di battuta alternativi
- Parentesi analitiche sopra il rigo
- Parentesi analitiche con etichette
- Applicazione degli stili delle teste di nota in base al grado della scala
- Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command
- Changing a single note’s size in a chord
- Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed
- Coloring notes depending on their pitch
- Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
- Creare un gruppetto ritardato
- Creating blank staves
- Creating double-digit fingerings
- Direzione predefinita dei gambi sulla linea centrale del rigo
- Different font size settings for instrumentName and shortInstrumentName
- Drawing boxes around grobs
- Drawing circles around note heads
- Drawing circles around various objects
- Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block
- Modificare l’aspetto delle linee della griglia
- Grid lines: emphasizing rhythms and notes synchronization
- Martellato e strappato
- Martellato e strappato usando accordi
- Martellato e strappato usando le voci
- Rendere alcune linee del rigo più spesse delle altre
- Marking notes of spoken parts with a cross on the stem (Sprechstimme)
- Measure counter
- Measure spanner
- Numbering groups of measures
- Positioning fingering indications precisely
- Posizionare il testo a margine dentro le legature di portamento
- Printing text from right to left
- String number extender lines
- Using PostScript to generate special note head shapes
- Uso della proprietà whiteout
- Text
- Adding a QR code
- Adding markups in a tablature
- Adding the current date to a score
- Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
- Aligning and centering instrument names
- Aligning syllables with melisma
- Blanking staff lines using the \whiteout command
- Center text below hairpin dynamics
- Changing ottava text
- Changing the default text font family
- Combining dynamics with markup texts
- Combinare due parti sullo stesso rigo
- Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics
- Creating text spanners
- Demonstrating all headers
- Embedding native PostScript in a \markup block
- Formattazione delle sillabe del testo vocale
- How to put ties between syllables in lyrics
- Allineamento del testo vocale
- Markup list
- Testo a margine delle pause multiple
- Of the ubiquity of markup objects
- Outputting the version number
- Modello per pianoforte con testo al centro
- Stampare i numeri di battuta a intervalli regolari variabili
- Stampare le indicazioni su ogni rigo
- Printing text from right to left
- Putting lyrics inside the staff
- Testo separato su due colonne
- String number extender lines
- Three-sided box
- UTF-8
- Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
- Volta text markup using repeatCommands
- Vocal music
- Un ambitus per voce
- Adding indicators to staves which get split after a break
- Aggiungere citazioni orchestrali a una partitura vocale
- Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
- Aligning syllables with melisma
- Ambitus
- Ambitus dopo armatura di chiave
- Ambitus su più voci
- Modello per notazione antica – trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana
- Modello per salmo anglicano
- Arranging separate lyrics on a single line
- Changing stanza fonts
- Notazione per canti e salmi
- Forcing hyphens to be shown
- Formattazione delle sillabe del testo vocale
- How to put ties between syllables in lyrics
- Modello per inno
- Allineamento del testo vocale
- Marking notes of spoken parts with a cross on the stem (Sprechstimme)
- Ottenere la spaziatura del testo della vecchia versione 2.12
- Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
- Modello per pianoforte con melodia e testo
- Putting lyrics inside the staff
- Modello per coro SATB - quattro righi
- Modello di rigo singolo con note, testo e accordi
- Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets
- Modello di rigo singolo con note e testo
- Skips in lyric mode
- Skips in lyric mode (2)
- Usare arpeggioBracket per rendere i divisi più visibili
- Usare le etichette per produrre musica mensurale e moderna dallo stesso sorgente
- Allineare verticalmente gli ossia e il testo vocale
- Vertically centered common lyrics
- Modello per complesso vocale
- Modello per gruppo vocale con riduzione per pianoforte automatica
- Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
- Modello per gruppo vocale con strofa e ritornello
- Chords
- Adding a figured bass above or below the notes
- Aggiungere stanghette al contesto ChordNames
- Adjusting figured bass alteration glyphs
- Modifica del separatore dell’accordo
- Changing the chord names to German or semi-German notation
- Cambiare la posizione delle alterazioni del basso continuo
- Eccezioni dei nomi degli accordi
- Nome dell’accordo di settima maggiore
- Chord names alternative
- Chords with stretched fingering for FretBoards and TabVoice
- Clusters
- Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
- Cross-staff chords - beaming problems workaround
- Customizing the chord grid style
- Customizing the no-chord symbol
- Displaying complex chords
- Manually break figured bass extenders for only some numbers
- Print ChordNames with same root and different bass as slash and bass-note
- Mostrare gli accordi nei cambi
- Canzoniere semplice
- Modello di rigo singolo con note, testo e accordi
- Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets
- Modello di rigo singolo con note e accordi
- Vertically centering paired figured bass extenders
- Volta sotto gli accordi
- Keyboards
- Accordion-discant symbols
- Simboli di registro della fisarmonica
- Changing the text for sustain markings
- Clusters
- Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
- Creating slurs across voices
- Cross-staff chords - beaming problems workaround
- Tremoli attraverso i righi
- Fine-tuning pedal brackets
- Indicare accordi trasversali al rigo con la parentesi quadrata dell’arpeggio
- Modello per combo jazz
- Laissez vibrer ties
- Modello per pianoforte (semplice)
- Modello per pianoforte con testo al centro
- Modello per pianoforte con melodia e testo
- Removing brace on first line of piano score
- Using autochange with more than one voice
- Modello per gruppo vocale con riduzione per pianoforte automatica
- Percussion
- Adding drum parts
- Cow and ride bell example
- Customized drum notation in printed and MIDI output
- Heavily customized polymetric time signatures
- High and Low woodblock example
- Modello per combo jazz
- Percussion beaters
- Percussion example
- Printing music with different time signatures
- Tam-tam example
- Tambourine example
- Fretted strings
- Adding fingerings to a score
- Adding fingerings to tablatures
- Adding markups in a tablature
- Far sì che la diteggiatura appaia dentro il rigo
- Automatic Fretboards Barre
- Cambiare l’orientamento della tastiera
- Glissando di accordi in intavolatura
- Cambi di accordo nei diagrammi dei tasti
- Chords with stretched fingering for FretBoards and TabVoice
- Controllare il posizionamento delle diteggiature di un accordo
- Personalizzare la tastiera del diagramma dei tasti
- Personalizzare il diagramma dei tasti di tipo markup
- Definire diagrammi dei tasti predefiniti per altri strumenti
- Faking a hammer in tablatures
- Diteggiature, indicazioni di corda e diteggiature della mano destra
- Flamenco notation
- Fret diagrams explained and developed
- Tabelle alternative per i diagrammi dei tasti
- Armonici su corde premute in intavolatura
- Guitar slides
- Ritmi di accompagnamento per chitarra
- Martellato e strappato
- Martellato e strappato usando accordi
- Martellato e strappato usando le voci
- How to change fret diagram position
- Modello per combo jazz
- Laissez vibrer ties
- Let TabStaff print the topmost string at bottom
- Letter tablature formatting
- Armonici su corde a vuoto in intavolatura
- Posizionamento delle diteggiature della mano destra
- Polifonia in intavolatura
- Slides in tablature
- Comportamento di gambi e travature in intavolatura
- String number extender lines
- Unfretted strings
- Winds
- Ancient notation
- Adding a figured bass above or below the notes
- Ancient fonts
- Modello per notazione antica – trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana
- Ancient time signatures
- Notazione per canti e salmi
- Custodes
- Incipit
- Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
- Stili di pausa
- Usare le etichette per produrre musica mensurale e moderna dallo stesso sorgente
- Vertical line as a baroque articulation mark
- World music
- Contexts and engravers
- Adding a figured bass above or below the notes
- Adding an extra staff
- Adding an extra staff at a line break
- Cambiare automaticamente la direzione del gambo della nota centrale in base alla melodia
- Centered measure numbers
- Impostare l’output MIDI su un canale per voce
- Changing time signatures inside a polymetric section using \scaleDurations
- Notazione per canti e salmi
- Creating blank staves
- Creating custom key signatures
- Cross staff stems
- Defining an engraver in Scheme: ambitus engraver
- Displaying a whole GrandStaff system if only one of its staves is alive
- Engravers one-by-one
- Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
- Annidare i righi
- Numbering groups of measures
- Print ChordNames with same root and different bass as slash and bass-note
- Togliere i numeri di battuta da uno spartito
- Usare una parentesi quadra all’inizio di un gruppo di righi
- Using marklines in a Frenched score
- Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
- Modello per gruppo vocale con strofa e ritornello
- Tweaks and overrides
- Aggiungere un segno di ottava a una sola voce
- Adding links to objects
- Adding markups in a tablature
- Aggiungere i segni di tempo per i glissandi lunghi
- Adjusting grace note spacing
- Adjusting lyrics vertical spacing
- Altering the length of beamed stems
- Numeri di battuta alternativi
- Parentesi analitiche sopra il rigo
- Parentesi analitiche con etichette
- Asymmetric slurs
- Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata
- Changing a single note’s size in a chord
- Changing beam thickness and spacing
- Modificare la forma delle pause multiple
- Changing properties for individual grobs
- Nascondere la linea di estensione per le dinamiche testuali
- Changing the default text font family
- Changing the staff size
- Modificare il tempo senza mostrare l’indicazione metronomica
- Changing the text for sustain markings
- Controlling spanner visibility after a line break
- Controllo dell’ordine verticale degli script
- Controllare la visibilità della parentesi del gruppo irregolare
- Creare un gruppetto ritardato
- Creating custom key signatures
- Creating double-digit fingerings
- Creating text spanners
- Cross-staff chords - beaming problems workaround
- Cross staff stems
- Custodes
- Personalizzare la tastiera del diagramma dei tasti
- Personalizzare il diagramma dei tasti di tipo markup
- Mostrare la parentesi anche se c’è un solo rigo nel sistema
- Displaying grob ancestry
- Dotted harmonics
- Drawing boxes around grobs
- Drawing circles around various objects
- Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
- Estensore testuale della dinamica personalizzato
- Extending a TrillSpanner
- Estendere i glissandi sulle volte delle ripetizioni
- Fine-tuning pedal brackets
- Flat Ties
- Force a cancellation natural before accidentals
- Forzare lo spostamento orizzonatale delle note
- Fret diagrams explained and developed
- Generating custom flags
- Glissandi can skip grobs
- Hairpins with different line styles
- Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")
- How to change fret diagram position
- Inserire una cesura
- Keep change clefs full sized
- Line arrows
- Making an object invisible with the ’transparent property
- Lasciare che i glissandi vadano a capo
- Manually controlling beam positions
- Measure-centered bar numbers
- Formattazione mensurale (stanghette tra i righi)
- Modificare l’inclinazione dell’estensore dell’ottava
- Spostare le note puntate in polifonia
- Moving slur positions vertically
- Annidare i righi
- Overriding articulations by type
- Overriding articulations of distinct type
- Visibilità del conto della ripetizione con segno percentuale
- Positioning arpeggios
- Posizionamento delle pause multiple
- Posizionare il testo a margine dentro le legature di portamento
- Numeri di battuta racchiusi in rettangoli o cerchi
- Posizionare il metronomo e i numeri di chiamata sotto il rigo
- Printing note names with and without an octave marker
- Printing tuplet brackets on the note head side
- Proportional strict notespacing
- Removing brace on first line of piano score
- Removing connecting bar lines on StaffGroup, PianoStaff, or GrandStaff
- Eliminare la prima linea vuota
- Stili di pausa
- Rhythmic slashes
- Separating key cancellations from key signature changes
- Impostare il comportamento delle forcelle sulle stanghette
- Setting system separators
- Showing the same articulation above and below a note or chord
- String number extender lines
- Suppressing warnings for clashing note columns
- Time signature in parentheses
- Time signature in parentheses - method 3
- Indicazione di tempo che mostra solo il numeratore (invece della frazione)
- Tuplet bracket and change staff
- Modifiche manuali della proprietà della chiave
- Modificare l’aspetto degli abbellimenti di un intero brano
- Using alternative flag styles
- Using ly:grob-object to access grobs with \tweak
- Using PostScript to generate special note head shapes
- Using the \tweak command to tweak individual grobs
- Dinamiche e segni testuali allineati verticalmente
- Allineare verticalmente gli ossia e il testo vocale
- Vertically centering paired figured bass extenders
- Paper and layout
- Titles
- Spacing
- MIDI
- Templates
- Modello per notazione antica – trascrizione moderna di musica gregoriana
- Modello per salmo anglicano
- Modello per inno
- Modello per combo jazz
- Modello per orchestra, coro e pianoforte
- Modello per pianoforte (semplice)
- Modello per pianoforte con testo al centro
- Modello per pianoforte con melodia e testo
- Modello per coro SATB - quattro righi
- Score for diatonic accordion
- Modello di rigo singolo con note, testo e accordi
- Single staff template with notes, lyrics, chords and frets
- Modello di rigo singolo con note e accordi
- Modello di rigo singolo con note e testo
- Modello di rigo singolo con solo note
- Modello per quartetto d’archi (semplice)
- Modello per quartetto d’archi con parti separate
- Modello per complesso vocale
- Modello per gruppo vocale con riduzione per pianoforte automatica
- Modello per gruppo vocale con testo allineato sotto e sopra i righi
- Modello per gruppo vocale con strofa e ritornello