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Expressive marks
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Adding beams, slurs, ties etc. when using tuplet and non-tuplet rhythms
LilyPond syntax can involve many unusual placements for parentheses, brackets etc., which might sometimes have to be interleaved.
For example, when entering a manual beam, the left square bracket has to be placed after the starting note and its duration, not before. Similarly, the right square bracket should directly follow the note which is to be at the end of the requested beaming, even if this note happens to be inside a tuplet section.
This snippet demonstrates how to combine manual beaming, manual slurs, ties and phrasing slurs with tuplet sections (enclosed within curly braces).
{ r16[ g16 \tuplet 3/2 { r16 e'8] } g16( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d e') } g8[( a \tuplet 3/2 { b d') e'] ~ } \time 2/4 \tuplet 5/4 { e'32\( a b d' e' } a'4.\) }
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Adding parentheses around an expressive mark or chordal note
The \parenthesize
function is a special tweak that encloses
objects in parentheses. The associated grob is Parentheses
.
\relative c' { c2-\parenthesize -> \override Parentheses.padding = #0.1 \override Parentheses.font-size = #-4 <d \parenthesize f a>2 }
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Adding timing marks to long glissandi
Skipped beats in very long glissandi are sometimes indicated by timing marks, often consisting of stems without noteheads. Such stems can also be used to carry intermediate expression markings.
If the stems do not align well with the glissando, they may need to be repositioned slightly.
glissandoSkipOn = { \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t \hide NoteHead \override NoteHead.no-ledgers = ##t } glissandoSkipOff = { \revert NoteColumn.glissando-skip \undo \hide NoteHead \revert NoteHead.no-ledgers } \relative c'' { r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn f4 g a a8\noBeam \glissandoSkipOff a8 r8 f8\glissando \glissandoSkipOn g4 a8 \glissandoSkipOff a8 | r4 f\glissando \< \glissandoSkipOn a4\f \> \glissandoSkipOff b8\! r | }
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Das Aussehen von unbestimmten Glissandi anpassen
Die shortest-duration-space
-Eigenschaft kann verändert werden, um
das Aussehen von unbestimmten Glissandi anzupassen.
\relative c'' { \override Score.SpacingSpanner.shortest-duration-space = #4.0 c2-\bendAfter #5 c2-\bendAfter #-4.75 c2-\bendAfter #8.5 c2-\bendAfter #-6 }
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Aligning the ends of hairpins to NoteColumn directions
The ends of hairpins may be aligned to the LEFT
, CENTER
or RIGHT
of NoteColumn
grobs by overriding the property
endpoint-alignments
, which is a pair of numbers representing
the left and right ends of the hairpin. endpoint-alignments
are expected to be directions (either -1, 0 or 1). Other values
will be transformed with a warning. The right end of a hairpin
terminating at a rest is not affected, always ending at the left edge
of the rest.
{ c'2\< <c' d'>\! | \override Hairpin.endpoint-alignments = #'(1 . -1) c'2\< <c' d'>\! | \override Hairpin.endpoint-alignments = #`(,LEFT . ,CENTER) c'2\< <c' d'>\! | }
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Alternative breve notes
Breve notes are also available with two vertical lines on each side of the notehead instead of one line and in baroque style.
\relative c'' { \time 4/2 c\breve | \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'altdefault b\breve \override Staff.NoteHead.style = #'baroque b\breve \revert Staff.NoteHead.style a\breve }
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Asymmetric slurs
Slurs can be made asymmetric to match an asymmetric pattern of notes better.
slurNotes = { d,8( a' d f a f' d, a) } \relative c' { \stemDown \slurUp \slurNotes \once \override Slur.eccentricity = #3.0 \slurNotes }
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Breathing signs
Breathing signs are available in different tastes: commas (default), ticks, vees and „railroad tracks“ (caesura).
\new Staff \relative c'' { \key es \major \time 3/4 % this bar contains no \breathe << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 bes es } >> | % Modern notation: % by default, \breathe uses the rcomma, just as if saying: % \override BreathingSign.text = % #(make-musicglyph-markup "scripts.rcomma") << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> | % rvarcomma and lvarcomma are variations of the default rcomma % and lcomma % N.B.: must use Staff context here, since we start a Voice below \override Staff.BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" } << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> | % raltcomma and laltcomma are alternative variations of the % default rcomma and lcomma \override Staff.BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.raltcomma" } << { g4 as g } \\ { es4 \breathe bes es } >> | % vee \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.upbow" } es8[ d es f g] \breathe f | % caesura \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" } es8[ d] \breathe es[ f g f] | es2 r4 \bar "||" }
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Broken Crescendo Hairpin
In order to make parts of a crescendo hairpin invisible, the following method is used: A white rectangle is drawn on top of the respective part of the crescendo hairpin, making it invisible. The rectangle is defined as postscript code within a text markup.
The markup command with-dimensions
tells LilyPond to consider
only the bottom edge of the rectangle when spacing it against the
hairpin. The property staff-padding
prevents the rectangle from
fitting between the hairpin and staff.
Make sure the hairpin is in a lower layer than the text markup to draw the rectangle over the hairpin.
\relative c' { << { \dynamicUp r2 r16 c'8.\pp r4 } \\ { \override DynamicLineSpanner.layer = #0 des,2\mf\< ~ \override TextScript.layer = #2 \once\override TextScript.staff-padding = #6 \once\override TextScript.vertical-skylines = #'() des16_\markup \with-dimensions #'(2 . 7) #'(0 . 0) \with-color #white \filled-box #'(2 . 7) #'(0 . 2) #0 r8. des4 ~ des16->\sff r8. } >> }
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Caesura ("railtracks") with fermata
A caesura is sometimes denoted by a double „railtracks“ breath mark with a fermata sign positioned above. This snippet shows an optically pleasing combination of railtracks and fermata.
\relative c'' { c2. % construct the symbol \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \override #'(direction . 1) \override #'(baseline-skip . 1.8) \dir-column { \translate #'(0.155 . 0) \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" \center-align \musicglyph "scripts.ufermata" } } \breathe c4 % set the breathe mark back to normal \revert BreathingSign.text c2. \breathe c4 \bar "|." }
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Center text below hairpin dynamics
This example provides a function to typeset a hairpin (de)crescendo with some additional text below it, such as „molto“ or „poco“. The added text will change the direction according to the direction of the hairpin. The Hairpin is aligned to DynamicText.
The example also illustrates how to modify the way an object is normally printed, using some Scheme code.
\paper { tagline = ##f } hairpinWithCenteredText = #(define-music-function (text) (markup?) #{ \once \override Voice.Hairpin.after-line-breaking = #(lambda (grob) (let* ((stencil (ly:hairpin::print grob)) (par-y (ly:grob-parent grob Y)) (dir (ly:grob-property par-y 'direction)) (staff-line-thickness (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'line-thickness)) (new-stencil (ly:stencil-aligned-to (ly:stencil-combine-at-edge (ly:stencil-aligned-to stencil X CENTER) Y dir (ly:stencil-aligned-to (grob-interpret-markup grob (make-fontsize-markup (magnification->font-size (+ (ly:staff-symbol-staff-space grob) (/ staff-line-thickness 2))) text)) X CENTER)) X LEFT)) (staff-space (ly:output-def-lookup (ly:grob-layout grob) 'staff-space)) (par-x (ly:grob-parent grob X)) (dyn-text (grob::has-interface par-x 'dynamic-text-interface)) (dyn-text-stencil-x-length (if dyn-text (interval-length (ly:stencil-extent (ly:grob-property par-x 'stencil) X)) 0)) (x-shift (if dyn-text (- (+ staff-space dyn-text-stencil-x-length) (* 0.5 staff-line-thickness)) 0))) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'Y-offset 0) (ly:grob-set-property! grob 'stencil (ly:stencil-translate-axis new-stencil x-shift X)))) #}) hairpinMolto = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \italic molto } hairpinMore = \hairpinWithCenteredText \markup { \larger moltissimo } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c' { \hairpinMolto c2\< c\f \hairpinMore c2\ppppp\< c\f \break \hairpinMolto c2^\< c\f \hairpinMore c2\ppppp\< c\f }
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Text und Strecker-Stile für Dynamik-Texte ändern
Der Text, der für Crescendo und Decrescendo gesetzt wird, kann geändert
werden, indem man die Eigenschaften crescendoText
und
decrescendoText
verändert. Der Stil des Streckers kann auch
geändert werden, indem die 'style
-Eigenschaft des
DynamicTextSpanner
beeinflusst wird. Der Standardwert ist
'hairpin
, andere Möglichkeiten sind 'line
, 'dashed-line
und 'dotted-line
.
\relative c'' { \set crescendoText = \markup { \italic { cresc. poco } } \set crescendoSpanner = #'text \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'dotted-line a2\< a a2 a a2 a a2 a\mf }
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Changing the appearance of a slur from solid to dotted or dashed
The appearance of slurs may be changed from solid to dotted or dashed.
\relative c' { c4( d e c) \slurDotted c4( d e c) \slurSolid c4( d e c) \slurDashed c4( d e c) \slurSolid c4( d e c) }
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Das Atemzeichen-Symbol verändern
Das Schriftzeichen für das Atemzeichen kann verändert werden, indem
die Text-Eigenschaft des BreathingSign
-Layoutobjekts mit einer
beliebigen Textbeschriftung definiert wird.
\relative c'' { c2 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.rvarcomma" } \breathe d2 }
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Changing the number of augmentation dots per note
The number of augmentation dots on a single note can be changed independently of the dots placed after the note.
\relative c' { c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #4 c4.. a16 r2 | \override Dots.dot-count = #0 c4.. a16 r2 | \revert Dots.dot-count c4.. a16 r2 | }
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Combining dynamics with markup texts
Some dynamics may involve text indications (such as „più forte“ or
„piano subito“). These can be produced using a \markup
block.
piuF = \markup { \italic più \dynamic f } \layout { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { c2\f c-\piuF }
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Moderne Glissandi
Ein modernes Glissando ohne eine Endnote kann gesetzt werden, indem eine Kadenz eingesetzt wird und die Endnote unsichtbar gemacht wird.
\relative c'' { \time 3/4 \override Glissando.style = #'zigzag c4 c \cadenzaOn c4\glissando \hideNotes c,,4 \unHideNotes \cadenzaOff \bar "|" }
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Controlling spanner visibility after a line break
The visibility of spanners which end on the first note following a line
break is controlled by the after-line-breaking
callback
ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time
.
For objects such as glissandos and hairpins, the default behaviour is to hide the spanner after a break; disabling the callback will allow the left-broken span to be shown.
Conversely, spanners which are usually visible, such as text spans, can be hidden by enabling the callback.
\paper { ragged-right = ##t } \relative c'' { \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f \override Glissando.breakable = ##t % show hairpin \override Hairpin.after-line-breaking = ##t % hide text span \override TextSpanner.after-line-breaking = #ly:spanner::kill-zero-spanned-time e2\<\startTextSpan % show glissando \override Glissando.after-line-breaking = ##t f2\glissando \break f,1\!\stopTextSpan }
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Die vertikale Anordnung von Beschriftungen kontrollieren
Die vertikale Anordnung von Beschriftungen wird mit der
'script-priority
-Eigenschaft kontrolliert. Um so kleiner die
Zahl, umso näher wird die Beschriftung in Bezug auf die Note gesetzt. In
diesem Beispiel hat das TextScript
-Objekt (das Kreuz) zuerst
die niedrigste Priorität, wird also auch am niedrigsten in dem ersten
Beispiel gesetzt. Im zweiten Fall hat der Praller (das Script
)
die niedrigste Priorität, darum wird er am nächsten zum System gesetzt.
Wenn zwei Objekte die gleiche Priorität haben, wird ihre Reihenfolge
anhand ihres Auftretens in der Quelldatei entschieden.
\relative c''' { \once \override TextScript.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } \once \override Script.script-priority = #-100 a2^\prall^\markup { \sharp } }
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Einen Doppelschlag mit Vorhalt erstellen
Einen Doppelschlag mit Vorhalt zu erstellen, wobei die untere Note das
Vorzeichen benutzt, erfordert einige Einstellungsänderungen. Die
outside-staff-priority
-Eigenschaft muss auf falsch (#f
)
gesetzt werden, weil sie sonst über die Eigenschaft
avoid-slur property
dominieren würde. Der Wert von halign
wird benutzt, um den Doppelschlag horizontal zu positionieren.
\relative c'' { \after 2*2/3 \turn c2( d4) r | \after 4 \turn c4.( d8) \after 4 { \once \set suggestAccidentals = ##t \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.outside-staff-priority = ##f \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.avoid-slur = #'inside \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.font-size = -3 \once \override AccidentalSuggestion.script-priority = -1 \once \hideNotes cis8\turn \noBeam } d4.( e8) }
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Arpeggios zwischen unterschiedlichen Stimmen erzeugen
Ein Arpeggio kann zwischen Noten aus unterschiedlichen Stimmen auf demselben
System gezogen werden, wenn der Span_arpeggio_engraver
in den
Staff
-Kontext verschoben wird:
\new Staff \with { \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" } \relative c' { \set Staff.connectArpeggios = ##t << { <e' g>4\arpeggio <d f> <d f>2 } \\ { <d, f>2\arpeggio <g b>2 } >> }
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Arpeggio über mehrere Systeme in anderen Kontexten
Arpeggio über mehrere Systeme können in anderen Kontexten als dem
PianoStaff
erstellt werden, wenn der Span_arpeggio_engraver
in den Score
-Kontext eingefügt wird.
\new PianoStaff \relative c'' << \set PianoStaff.connectArpeggios = ##t \new Staff { <c e g c>4\arpeggio <g c e g>4\arpeggio <e g c e>4\arpeggio <c e g c>4\arpeggio } \new Staff { \clef bass \repeat unfold 4 { <c,, e g c>4\arpeggio } } >>
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Arpeggio zwischen Systemen in einem Klaviersystem erstellen
In einem Klaviersystem (PianoStaff
) ist es möglich, ein Arpeggio
zwischen beiden Systemen zu verbinden, indem die
PianoStaff.connectArpeggios
-Eigenschaft gesetzt wird.
\score { \new ChoirStaff { \set Score.connectArpeggios = ##t << \new Voice \relative c' { <c e>2\arpeggio <d f>2\arpeggio <c e>1\arpeggio } \new Voice \relative c { \clef bass <c g'>2\arpeggio <b g'>2\arpeggio <c g'>1\arpeggio } >> } \layout { \context { \Score \consists "Span_arpeggio_engraver" } } }
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Creating double-digit fingerings
Creating fingerings larger than 5 is possible.
\relative c' { c1-10 c1-50 c1-36 c1-29 }
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Creating "real" parenthesized dynamics
Although the easiest way to add parentheses to a dynamic mark is to use
a \markup
block, this method has a downside: the created
objects will behave like text markups, and not like dynamics.
However, it is possible to create a similar object using the equivalent
Scheme code (as described in the Notation Reference), combined with the
make-dynamic-script
function. This way, the markup will be
regarded as a dynamic, and therefore will remain compatible with
commands such as \dynamicUp
or \dynamicDown
.
paren = #(define-event-function (dyn) (ly:event?) (make-dynamic-script #{ \markup \concat { \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 ( \pad-x #0.2 #(ly:music-property dyn 'text) \normal-text \italic \fontsize #2 ) } #})) \relative c'' { c4\paren\f c c \dynamicUp c\paren\p }
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Creating slurs across voices
In some situations, it may be necessary to create slurs between notes
from different voices. The solution is to add invisible notes to one of
the voices, using \hideNotes
.
This example is measure 235 of the Ciaconna from Bach’s 2nd Partita for solo violin, BWV 1004.
\relative c' { << { d16( a') s a s a[ s a] s a[ s a] } \\ { \slurUp bes,16[ s e]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes f[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes fis]( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes g[( \hideNotes a) \unHideNotes gis]( \hideNotes a) } >> }
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Creating text spanners
The \startTextSpan
and \stopTextSpan
commands allow the
creation of text spanners as easily as pedal indications or
octavations. Override some properties of the TextSpanner
object
to modify its output.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f } \relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"bla" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"blu" a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \override TextSpanner.style = #'dashed-line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . 1) } \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = \markup { \draw-line #'(0 . -2) } \once \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #-2 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan \set Staff.middleCPosition = #-13 \override TextSpanner.dash-period = #10 \override TextSpanner.dash-fraction = #0.5 \override TextSpanner.thickness = #10 a4 \startTextSpan b4 c a4 \stopTextSpan }
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Eigene Dynamiktextspanner nachgestellt
Die Nachstellung funktioniert für eigene Crescendo-Textstrecker. Die Strecker sollten an der ersten Note eines Taktes beginnen. Man muss -\mycresc benutzen, sonst wird der Beginn des Streckers der nächsten Note zugewiesen.
% Two functions for (de)crescendo spanners where you can explicitly % give the spanner text. mycresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) mydecresc = #(define-music-function (mymarkup) (markup?) (make-music 'DecrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text mymarkup)) \relative c' { c4-\mycresc "custom cresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4 c4 c4 | c4-\mydecresc "custom decresc" c4 c4 c4 | c4 c4\! c4 c4 }
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Dynamiktextstrecker nachgestellt
Die \cresc, \dim und \decresc Strecker können umdefiniert werden, um nachgestellt zu funktionieren und einen Textstrecker zu produzieren. Eigene Strecker können auch einfach definiert werden. Klammer- und Textcrescendi können einfach vermischt werden. \< und \> erstellen normalerweise Klammern, \cresc usw. dagegen normalerweise Textspanner.
% Some sample text dynamic spanners, to be used as postfix operators crpoco = #(make-music 'CrescendoEvent 'span-direction START 'span-type 'text 'span-text "cresc. poco a poco") \relative c' { c4\cresc d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\crpoco c4 | c4 d4 e4 f4 | g4 a4\! b4\< c4 | g4\dim a4 b4\decresc c4\! }
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Glissando kann Grobs überspringen
NoteColumn
-Grobs können bei Glissandos übersprungen werden.
\relative c' { a2 \glissando \once \override NoteColumn.glissando-skip = ##t f''4 d, }
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Hairpins with different line styles
Hairpins can take any style from line-interface
- dashed-line,
dotted-line, line, trill or zigzag.
\relative c' { c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'dashed-line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'dotted-line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'line c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'trill c2\< c\! \override Hairpin.style = #'zigzag c2\< c\! \revert Hairpin.style c2\< c\! }
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Crescendo-Linien von Dynamik-Texten unterdrücken
Dynamik-Texte (wie cresc. und dim.) werden mit einer gestrichelten Linie gesetzt, die ihre Dauer anzeigt. Diese Linie kann auf folgende Weise unterdrückt werden:
\relative c'' { \override DynamicTextSpanner.style = #'none \crescTextCresc c1\< | d | b | c\! }
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Horizontally aligning custom dynamics (e.g. "sempre pp", "piu f", "subito p")
Some dynamic expressions involve additional text, like „sempre pp“. Since dynamics are usually centered under the note, the \pp would be displayed way after the note it applies to.
To correctly align the „sempre pp“ horizontally so that it is aligned as if it were only the \pp, there are several approaches:
-
Simply use
\once\override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2
before the note with the dynamics to manually shift it to the correct position. Drawback: This has to be done manually each time you use that dynamic markup... -
Add some padding (
#:hspace 7.1
) into the definition of your custom dynamic mark so that after LilyPond center-aligns it, it is already correctly aligned. Drawback: The padding really takes up that space and does not allow any other markup or dynamics to be shown in that position. -
Shift the dynamic script
\once\override ... .X-offset = ...
. Drawback:\once\override
is needed for every invocation! -
Set the dimensions of the additional text to 0 (using
#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0)
). Drawback: For LilyPond, „sempre“ has no extent now. This means it might put other stuff there, causing collisions (which are not detected by LilyPond’s collision detection algorithm!). There also seems to be some spacing, so it is not exactly the same alignment as without the additional text. - Add an explicit shift directly inside the scheme function for the dynamic script.
-
Set an explicit alignment inside the dynamic script. By default, this
won’t have any effect, only if one sets
X-offset
! Drawback: One needs to setDynamicText.X-offset
, which will apply to all dynamic texts! Also, it is aligned at the right edge of the additional text, not at the center of \pp.
\paper { ragged-right = ##f indent = 2.5\cm } % Solution 1: Using a simple markup with a particular halign value % Drawback: It's a markup, not a dynamic command, so \dynamicDown % etc. will have no effect semppMarkup = \markup { \halign #1.4 \italic "sempre" \dynamic "pp" } % Solution 2: Using a dynamic script & shifting with % \once \override ...X-offset = .. % Drawback: \once \override needed for every invocation semppK = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 3: Padding the dynamic script so the center-alignment % puts it at the correct position % Drawback: the padding really reserves the space, nothing else can be there semppT = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp" #:hspace 7.1))) % Solution 4: Dynamic, setting the dimensions of the additional text to 0 % Drawback: To lilypond "sempre" has no extent, so it might put % other stuff there => collisions % Drawback: Also, there seems to be some spacing, so it's not exactly the % same alignment as without the additional text semppM = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:with-dimensions '(0 . 0) '(0 . 0) #:right-align #:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 5: Dynamic with explicit shifting inside the scheme function semppG = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:hspace 0 #:translate '(-18.85 . 0) #:line (#:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) % Solution 6: Dynamic with explicit alignment. This has only effect % if one sets X-offset! % Drawback: One needs to set DynamicText.X-offset! % Drawback: Aligned at the right edge of the additional text, % not at the center of pp semppMII = #(make-dynamic-script (markup #:line (#:right-align #:normal-text #:italic "sempre" #:dynamic "pp"))) \new StaffGroup << \new Staff = "s" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\pp c\p c c | c\ff c c\pp c } >> \new Staff = "sMarkup" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Normal markup } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4-\semppMarkup c\p c c | c\ff c c-\semppMarkup c } >> \new Staff = "sK" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Explicit shifting } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2 c4\semppK c\p c c c4\ff c \once \override DynamicText.X-offset = #-9.2 c4\semppK c } >> \new Staff = "sT" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Right padding } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppT c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppT c } >> \new Staff = "sM" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Set dimension "to zero" } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppM c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppM c } >> \new Staff = "sG" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Shift inside dynamics} } << \relative c'' { \key es \major c4\semppG c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppG c } >> \new Staff = "sMII" \with { instrumentName = \markup \column { Alignment inside dynamics } } << \relative c'' { \key es \major % Setting to ##f (false) gives the same result \override DynamicText.X-offset = #0 c4\semppMII c\p c c | c\ff c c\semppMII c } >> >> \layout { \override Staff.InstrumentName.self-alignment-X = #LEFT }
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Eine Zäsur einfügen
Zäsurzeichen können erstellt werden, indem die 'text
-Eigenschaft
des BreathingSign
-Objektes verändert wird. Ein gekrümmtes
Zäsurzeichen ist auch möglich.
\relative c'' { \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.straight" } c8 e4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.caesura.curved" } g8 e'4. \breathe g8. e16 c4 }
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Laissez vibrer ties
Laissez vibrer ties have a fixed size. Their formatting can be tuned
using 'tie-configuration
.
\relative c' { <c e g>4\laissezVibrer r <c f g>\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4\laissezVibrer r <c d f g>4.\laissezVibrer r8 <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r \override LaissezVibrerTieColumn.tie-configuration = #`((-7 . ,DOWN) (-5 . ,DOWN) (-3 . ,UP) (-1 . ,UP)) <c d e f>4\laissezVibrer r }
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Line arrows
Arrows can be applied to text-spanners and line-spanners (such as the Glissando).
\relative c'' { \override TextSpanner.bound-padding = #1.0 \override TextSpanner.style = #'line \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.text = #"fof" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.text = #"gag" \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.padding = #0.6 \override TextSpanner.bound-details.right.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override TextSpanner.bound-details.left.stencil-align-dir-y = #CENTER \override Glissando.bound-details.right.arrow = ##t \override Glissando.arrow-length = #0.5 \override Glissando.arrow-width = #0.25 a8\startTextSpan gis a4 b\glissando b, g'4 c\stopTextSpan c2 }
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Legatobögen mit kompliziertem Strichelmuster
definieren
Legatobögen können mit einem komplizierten Strichelmuster
gesetzt werden, indem die dash-definition
-Eigenschaft
definiert wird. dash-definition
ist eine Liste bestehend
aus dash-elements
-Elementen. Ein dash-element
ist
eine Liste an Parametern, die das Strichverhalten für einen
Abschnitt des Legatobogens definieren.
Der Bogen wird nach dem Bezierparameter t definiert, welcher
von 0 am linken Ende des Bogens zu 1 am rechten Ende des Bogens
reicht. dash-element
ist eine Liste (start-t stop-t dash-Unterbrechung dash-Abschnitt)
. Die Region des Bogens von start-t
bis stop-t
hat eine Unterbrechung von dash-Unterbrechung
von jedem dash-Abschnitt
-Schwarzabschnitt. dash-Abschnitt
ist in Notenlinienzwischenräumen definiert.
dash-Abschnitt
ist auf 1 für einen durchgehenden Bogen
gesetzt.
\relative c' { \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.3 0.1 0.75) (0.3 0.6 1 1) (0.65 1.0 0.4 0.75)) c4( d e f) \once \override Slur.dash-definition = #'((0 0.25 1 1) (0.3 0.7 0.4 0.75) (0.75 1.0 1 1)) c4( d e f) }
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Die Standardwerte der Abkürzungen von Artikulationen verändern
Die Abkürzungen sind in der Datei ‘ly/script-init.ly’ definiert, wo
den Variablen dashHat
, dashPlus
, dashDash
,
dashBar
, dashLarger
, dashDot
und
dashUnderscore
Standardwerte zugewiesen werden. Diese Standardwerte
können verändert werden. Um zum Beispiel die Abkürzung
-+
(dashPlus
) mit dem Triller anstatt mit dem +-Symbol zu
assoziieren, muss der Wert trill
der Variable
dashPlus
zugewiesen werden:
\relative c'' { c1-+ } dashPlus = \trill \relative c'' { c1-+ }
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Moving slur positions vertically
The vertical position of a slur can be adjusted using the
positions
property of Slur
. The property has 2
parameters, the first referring to the left end of the slur and the
second to the right. The values of the parameters are not used by
LilyPond to make an exact movement of the slur - instead it selects
what placement of the slur looks best, taking into account the
parameter values. Positive values move the slur up, and are
appropriate for notes with stems down. Negative values move downward
slurs further down.
\relative c' { \stemDown e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(1 . 1) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(2 . 2) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(3 . 3) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(4 . 4) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 5) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(0 . 5) e4( a) \override Slur.positions = #'(5 . 0) e4( a) \stemUp \override Slur.positions = #'(-5 . -5) e4( a) \stemDown \revert Slur.positions e4( a) }
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Moving the ends of hairpins
The ends of hairpins may be offset by setting the shorten-pair
property of the Hairpin
object. Positive values move endpoints
to the right, negative to the left. Unlike the minimum-length
property, this property only affects the appearance of the hairpin; it
does not adjust horizontal spacing (including the position of bounding
dynamics). This method is thus suitable for fine-tuning a hairpin
within its allotted space.
{ c'1~\< c'2~ c'\! \once \override Hairpin.shorten-pair = #'(2 . 2) c'1~\< c'2~ c'\! \once \override Hairpin.shorten-pair = #'(-2 . -2) c'1~\< c'2~ c'\! c'1~\p-\tweak shorten-pair #'(2 . 0)\< c'2~ c'\ffff }
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Positioning arpeggios
If you need to extend or shorten an arpeggio, you can modify the upper and lower start positions independently.
\relative c' { <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 0) <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(0 . 5) <c e g b>1\arpeggio \once \override Arpeggio.positions = #'(-5 . 5) <c e g b>1\arpeggio }
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Textbeschriftung innerhalb von Bögen positionieren
Textbeschriftung kann innerhalb von Bögen gesetzt werden, wenn die
outside-staff-priority
-Eigenschaft auf falsch gesetzt wird.
\relative c'' { \override TextScript.avoid-slur = #'inside \override TextScript.outside-staff-priority = ##f c2(^\markup { \halign #-10 \natural } d4.) c8 }
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Printing hairpins in various styles
Hairpin dynamics may be created in a variety of styles.
\relative c'' { \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin a4\< a a a\f a4\p\< a a a\ff a4\sfz\< a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin a4\< a a a\f a4\p\< a a a\ff a4\sfz\< a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #flared-hairpin a4\> a a a\f a4\p\> a a a\ff a4\sfz\> a a a\! \override Hairpin.stencil = #constante-hairpin a4\> a a a\f a4\p\> a a a\ff a4\sfz\> a a a\! }
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Crescendo Klammern al niente schreiben
Crescendo-Klammern können mit einem kleinen Kreis vor der Spitze
notiert werden (al niente = bis zum Nichts), indem die
circled-tip
-Eigenschaft des Hairpin
-Objekts auf
#t
gesetzt wird.
\relative c'' { \override Hairpin.circled-tip = ##t c2\< c\! c4\> c\< c2\! }
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Metronom- und Übungszeichen unter das System setzen
Normalerweise werden Metronom- und Übungszeichen über dem Notensystem ausgegeben.
Um sie unter das System zu setzen, muss die direction
-Eigenschaft
von MetronomeMark
oder RehearsalMark
entsprechend verändert werden.
\layout { indent = 0 ragged-right = ##f } { % Metronome marks below the staff \override Score.MetronomeMark.direction = #DOWN \tempo 8. = 120 c''1 % Rehearsal marks below the staff \override Score.RehearsalMark.direction = #DOWN \mark \default c''1 }
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Das Verhalten von Crescendo-Klammern an Taktlinien beeinflussen
Wenn die Note, an welcher eine Crescendo-Klammer endet, die erste Note
eines Taktes ist, wird die Klammer an der vorhergehenden Taktlinie
beendet. Dieses Verhalten kann auch mit der Eigenschaft
'to-barline
geändert werden:
\relative c'' { e4\< e2. e1\! \override Hairpin.to-barline = ##f e4\< e2. e1\! }
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Die Mindestlänge von Crescendo-Klammern bestimmen
Wenn Crescendo-Klammern zu kurz sind, können sie verlängert werden, indem
die minimum-length
-Eigenschaft des Hairpin
-Objektes
verändert wird.
<< { \after 4 \< \after 2 \> \after 2. \! f'1 \override Hairpin.minimum-length = #8 \after 4 \< \after 2 \> \after 2. \! f'1 } { \repeat unfold 8 c'4 } >>
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Showing the same articulation above and below a note or chord
By default, LilyPond does not allow the same articulation (e.g., an
accent, a fermata, a flageolet, etc.) to be displayed above and below a
note. For example, c4_\fermata^\fermata
only shows a fermata
below. The fermata above gets simply ignored.
However, one can stick scripts (just like fingerings) inside a chord,
which means it is possible to have as many articulations as desired.
This approach has the advantage that it ignores the stem and positions
the articulation relative to the note head. This can be seen in the
case of the flageolets in the snippet. To mimic the behaviour of
scripts outside a chord, 'add-stem-support
would be required.
The solution is thus to write the note as a chord and add the
articulations inside of <...>
, using the direction modifiers
^
and _
as appropriate.
\relative c' { <>^"Wrong" c2_\fermata^\fermata % The second fermata is ignored! <e d'>2^\flageolet_\flageolet \stopStaff s1 \startStaff <>^"Works if written inside a chord" <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2 <e_\flageolet d'^\flageolet>2 <e_\flageolet^\flageolet>2 <e_\fermata^\fermata>2 }
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Snap-pizzicato or Bartok pizzicato
A snap-pizzicato (also known as „Bartok pizzicato“) is a „strong pizzicato where the string is plucked vertically by snapping and rebounds off the fingerboard of the instrument“ (Wikipedia). It is denoted by a circle with a vertical line going from the center upwards outside the circle.
\relative c' { c4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4\snappizzicato <c' e g>4^\snappizzicato <c, e g>4_\snappizzicato }
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Using a tick as the breath mark symbol
Vocal and wind music frequently uses a tick mark as a breathing sign. This indicates a breath that subtracts a little time from the previous note rather than causing a short pause, which is indicated by the comma breath mark. The mark can be moved up a little to take it away from the stave.
\relative c'' { c2 \breathe d2 \override BreathingSign.Y-offset = #2.6 \override BreathingSign.text = \markup { \musicglyph "scripts.tickmark" } c2 \breathe d2 }
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Arpeggio-Klammern benutzen, um geteilte Stimmen besser sichtbar zu machen
Das arpeggioBracket
-Klammerobjekt kann benutzt werden, um geteilte
Stimmen anzuzeigen, wenn keine Hälse diese Information bieten. Das sieht
man oft in Chormusik.
\include "english.ly" \score { \relative c'' { \key a \major \time 2/2 << \new Voice = "upper" << { \voiceOne \arpeggioBracket a2( b2 <b d>1\arpeggio) <cs e>\arpeggio ~ <cs e>4 } \addlyrics { \lyricmode { A -- men. } } >> \new Voice = "lower" { \voiceTwo a1 ~ a a ~ a4 \bar "|." } >> } \layout { ragged-right = ##t } }
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Doppelte Bögen für Legato-Akkorde benutzen
Einige Komponisten schreiben doppelte Bögen, wenn Legato-Akkorde notiert
werden. Das kann mit der Eigenschaft doubleSlurs
erreicht werden.
\relative c' { \set doubleSlurs = ##t <c e>4( <d f> <c e> <d f>) }
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Using the whiteout property
Any graphical object can be printed over a white background to mask
parts of objects that lie beneath. This can be useful to improve the
appearance of collisions in complex situations when repositioning
objects is impractical. It is necessary to explicitly set the
layer
property to control which objects are masked by the white
background. In this example the collision of the tie with the time
signature is improved by masking out the part of the tie that crosses
the time signature by setting the whiteout
property of
TimeSignature
. To do this TimeSignature
is moved to a
layer above Tie
, which is left in the default layer of 1, and
StaffSymbol
is moved to a layer above TimeSignature
so it
is not masked.
{ \override Score.StaffSymbol.layer = #4 \override Staff.TimeSignature.layer = #3 b'2 b'~ \once \override Staff.TimeSignature.whiteout = ##t \time 3/4 b' r4 }
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Vertical line as a baroque articulation mark
This short vertical line placed above the note is commonly used in baroque music. Its meaning can vary, but generally indicates notes that should be played with more „weight“. The following example demonstrates how to achieve such a notation.
upline = \tweak stencil #(lambda (grob) (grob-interpret-markup grob #{ \markup \draw-line #'(0 . 1) #})) \stopped \relative c' { a'4^\upline a( c d')_\upline }
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Vertically aligning dynamics across multiple notes
Dynamics that occur at, begin on, or end on the same note will be
vertically aligned. To ensure that dynamics are aligned when they do
not occur on the same note, increase the staff-padding
property
of the DynamicLineSpanner
object.
\relative c' { \override DynamicLineSpanner.staff-padding = #4 c2\p f\mf g2\< b4\> c\! }
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